《专业英语》复习题
一、长句专项
1. P2 For the student who is preparing to became a civil engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics. 对于一个准备成为土木工程师的学生来说，这些专业课程包括大地测量学、水力学和土力学。
2. P2 The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. 研究包括利用地形学知识对预定位置的地基下层土特点进行地质勘测。
3. P4 Civil Engineering is grouped into seven major divisions of engineering :Structural; Environmental ;Geotechnical ;Water Resources; Transportation ;Construction and Urban Planning. 土木工程分为七个主要部分：机构工程、环境工程、岩土工程、水资源、运输、施工和城市规划。
4. P4 As a structural engineer, you will face the challenge of designing structures that support their own weight and the loads they carry, and that resist wind, temperature, earthquake, and many other forces. 作为一名结构工程师，你将面临着结构设计的挑战。这个结构将支撑着它们的自重和结构所承受的荷载，并且它们要抵抗风力、温度、地震和许多其他力的作用。
5. P56 Portland cement is made from combinations of limestone, marl, or other calcareous material and clay, shale, or like argillaceous substances. 波特兰水泥由石灰石、泥灰岩或者是其他石灰质的材料：粘土、页岩，类似于泥土的物质浑河制作而成的。
6. P57 Concrete is a stone-like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure. 混凝土是由水泥、沙子和砾石或其它骨料按一定比例混合在一起，加水硬化后得到的一种类似于石头的材料。混凝土能以预想结构的形状和尺寸进行硬化。
7. P61 The various components of a mix are proportioned so that the resulting concrete has adequate strength, proper workability for placing, and low cost. 拌合物中的各种成分按照一定的比例混合，使得混凝土有足够的强度、良好的和易性和较低的成本。
8. P62 They decrease density because of the increased void ratio and thereby decrease strength; however, this decrease can be partially offset by reduction of mixing water without loss of workability. 由于空隙率的增加而减小了密度，所以强度有所降低。在保证和易性的前提下，这部分降低的强度可以通过减少用水量的方法来抵消。
9. P64 The resulting combination of two materials, known as reinforced concrete, combines many of the advantages of each: the relatively low cost, good weather and fire resistance, good compressive strength, and excellent formability of concrete and the high tensile strength and much greater ductility and thoughness of steel. 两种材料的结合成为大家所知道的钢筋混凝土。钢筋混凝土结合了彼此的很多优点：相对低的成本、良好的抗气候能力和抗火能力，提高了混凝土的抗压强度、可塑性和抗拉强度，并且也增加了钢材的延展性和韧性。
10. P66 Methods of inducing compression in concrete member before it is loaded is known as prestressing. The construction which uses steels and concrete of very high strength in combination is known as prestressed concrete. 混凝土构件承受荷载之前，对混凝土构件施加压力的方法称为预应力。由高强度混凝土和钢筋集合在一起的结构称为预应力混凝土。
11. P68 Besides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be durable. 混凝土除了承受荷载之外，还需要有一定的耐久性。
12. P69 Certain natural aggregates react chemically with the alkalis present in Portland cement. 一些天然骨料和水泥中碱性物发生化学反应。
13. P72 Some bricks and natural stones contain soluble salts that rain water can bring to the surface, where they form efflorescence. 一些砖和天然的石头，包含一些可溶解的盐类，雨水能够将这些盐类带到表面，在那些地方出现了风化。
14. P72 The reinforcement in concrete must be protected by an adequate cover of concrete; if this is insufficient, spalling may occur. 混凝土中的钢筋通过足够多的混凝土覆盖来保护，如果不足量可能产生剥落现象。
15. P74 Conveying of most building concrete from the mixer or truck to the form is done in bottom-dump buckets or in wheelbarrows or buggies or by pumping through steel pipelines. 大多数建筑物的混凝土从搅拌器或卡车到模板的运送过程是由底部能卸下的挖斗或独轮小车或手推车或用泵经由钢制的管道来完成。
16. P74 Fresh concrete gains strength most rapidly during the first few days and weeks. Structural design is generally based on the 28 day strength, about 70 percent of which is reached at the end of the first week after placing. 早期混凝土在前几天或前几周就要获得大部分强度。结构设计强度是以28天强度作为标准的。在浇铸后的一周，将达到70%的效果。
17. P76 When concrete was mixed on the building site and then transported to its final location by wheelbarrow, segregation of the concrete mix was not a serious problem.在施工现场，拌合混凝土并且之后用独轮车运送到它最终的位置时，混凝土拌合物的离析则不是一个严重的问题。
18. P76 Segregation does not occur if the concrete mix is cohesive, but a workable mix is not necessarily cohesive. 如果混凝土拌合物具有粘聚力则不可能发生离析，但是和易性良好的拌合物不一定有凝聚力。
19. P90 If the loading is increased above the range, two types of behavior can occur: brittle and plastic. 如果荷载增加到超出应力的范围，则可以出现两种性能：脆性和塑性。
20. P92 Concrete is a mixture of water, sand and gravel, and Portland cement. Crushed stone, manufactured lightweight stone, and seashells are often used in lieu of mural gravel. 混凝土是由水、沙和砾石、波特兰水泥拌合而成。破碎的石头、人工制造的轻质石头和海贝，经常用来代替墙上的砾石。
21. P95 A compression test is used for brittle materials such as concrete, stone, and brick because their tensile strength is low and thus harder to measure accurately. 脆性材料例如混凝土石材和砖是做抗拉实验的。因为它们的抗拉强度很低，很难准确地测量。
22. P96 The strength of metals is reduced if they are repeatedly loaded alternately in tension and in compression. 如果用拉力和压力重复地交替加载金属，金属强度就会减少。
23. P98 Data for stress-strain diagrams are usually obtained by applying an axial load to a test specimen and measuring the load and deformation simultaneously. 通常，对试件施加平轴荷载，并且同时测量荷载和变形，这样就获得了应力—应变图的数据。
24. P99 The action is said to be elastic if the strain resulting from loading disappears when the load is removed. Thee elastic limit is the maximum stress for which the material acts elastically. 当卸载后，由荷载产生的应变消失，这种行为称为弹性。弹性极限是材料表现弹性时的最大应力。
25. P103 There is a number of standard methods of measuring field dry density, the two most commonly used being the sand-replacement method and the core-cutter method. 野外测量干密度的标准方法有多种，其中最常用的两种是换砂法和钻芯法。
26. P104 Since this equipment records the bulk density, it is necessary to determine also the moisture content of the material before the dry density can be calculated. 既然设备记录了毛体积密度，在计算干密度之前有必要测量材料的湿度。
27. P106 Tests for density may be divided into two classes: laboratory tests to set a standard for density, and field tests to measure the density of a soil in pace in the roadway structure. 密度测量实验被划分为两种；为了测量密度，实验室建立了一套标准，在公路结构中，现场测试测定土的密度。
28. P106 Some agencies have used a static test to determine maximum density of laboratory samples. 一些部门用静力实验来测定实验室样品的最大密度。
29. P109 To rid the world of pollution-pollution caused not just by cars, but by all of modern industrial life-many people believe we must make some fundamental changes in the way many of us live. 为了摆脱世界污染—不仅仅是由汽车引起的，却都是通过现代工业生活引起的——许多人们认为，我们必须从基本上改变我们许多的生活方式。
二、单词速记
1. soil mechanics [mi'kæniks] 土力学
2. plain concrete ['k?nkri:t] 素混凝土
3. gypsum['d?ips?m] 石膏
4. fineness ['fainnis] 细度
5. time of set 凝结时间
6. mortar ['m?:t?] 砂浆
7. coarse [k?:s] aggregate['ægrigeit]( 合计,总计,集合体) 粗骨料
8. workability 和易性
9. steam-curing['kju?ri?]( 治疗) 蒸汽养护
10. compressive[k?m'presiv] (有压缩力的) strength[stre?θ] 抗压强度
11. tensile['tensail]( 可拉长的,可伸长的) strength 抗拉强度
12. reinforcement[?ri:in'f?:sm?nt]( 加强法(加强件)) 钢筋
13. reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土
14. water paste[peist]( 糊,浆糊)水泥浆
15. water-cement ratio水灰比
16. admixture[?d'mikst??]( 混合,混合物) 外加剂
17. toughness['tfnis] 韧性
18. elasticity[ilæs'tisiti] 弹力、弹性
19. corrosion[k?'r?u??n] 腐蚀
20. prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土
21. durability [dju?r?'biliti] 耐久性
22. impermeability 气密性
23. alkali['ælk?lai]-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应
24. air-entrainment[in'treinm?nt]( 带去(夺取,雾沫)) 引气剂
25. segregation[segri'gei??n] 离析
26. atatic load 静荷载
27. moisture content 含水量
28. tender['tend?] (温和的) 标书
29. contractor[k?n'trækt?] 承包商
30. estimated['estimetid] cost 估算成本
31. abstract['æbstrækt] 摘要
32. truss[tr?s] 桁架
33. ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度
34. guading['greidi?] 级配
35. stress-strain curve[k?:v]( 曲线,弯曲,曲球) 应力—应变曲线
36. non-load-bearing(忍受,负荷) 非承重；不承重
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