《研究生实用翻译教程》（2）
第八单元 翻译技巧6 结构调整 顺理成章
这一单元的教学重点是结构调整，使学生能够掌握英译汉、汉译英的结构调整的一般的方法技巧，尤其是在英汉句式结构差异很大时学会使用逆序法、时序法和拆分法等手段来处理译句，使文句通顺，顺理成章。
I. 翻译实例训练
1. 英译汉The American intellectual
这篇文章全选自2006年全国研究生英语入学考试试题的翻译部分，全文共407字，多处地方都涉及到结构调整的翻译技巧。
这篇文章探讨了美国知识分子的社会地位问题。在美国，intellectual这个字眼往往带有一些负面的含义，人们不愿自称“知识分子”。
【参考资料】关于intellectual几则引言。
An intellectual is a man who says a simple thing in a difficult way; an artist is a man who says a difficult thing in a simple way.
An intellectual is someone whose mind watches itself.
An intellectual is a man who doesn't know how to park a bike.
――Attributed to Spiro T. Agnew (1918 - 1996) U.S. vice-president.
Intellectuals are people who believe that ideas are of more importance than values. That is to say, their own ideas and other people's values.
The trouble with me is, I belong to a vanishing race. I'm one of the intellectuals.
――Robert E. Sherwood (1896 - 1955) U.S. playwright.
【参考资料】Emerson简介
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882), American essayist and poet, a leader of the philosophical movement of transcendentalism. Influenced by such schools of thought as English romanticism, Neoplatonism, and Hindu philosophy, Emerson is noted for his skill in presenting his ideas eloquently and in poetic language.
Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Seven of his ancestors were ministers, and his father, William Emerson, was minister of the First Church (Unitarian) of Boston. Emerson graduated from Harvard University at the age of 18 and for the next three years taught school in Boston. In 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School, and the next year he was sanctioned to preach by the Middlesex Association of Ministers. Despite ill health, Emerson delivered occasional sermons in churches in the Boston area. In 1829 he became minister of the Second Church (Unitarian) of Boston. That same year he married Ellen Tucker, who died 17 months later. In 1832 Emerson resigned from his pastoral appointment because of personal doubts about administering the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. On Christmas Day, 1832, he left the United States for a tour of Europe. He stayed for some time in England, where he made the acquaintance of such British literary notables as Walter Savage Landor, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas Carlyle, and William Wordsworth. His meeting with Carlyle marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship.
After nearly a year in Europe Emerson returned to the United States. In 1834 he moved to Concord, Massachusetts, and became active as a lecturer in Boston. His addresses—including “The Philosophy of History,” “Human Culture,” “Human Life,” and “The Present Age”—were based on material in his Journals (published posthumously, 1909-1914), a collection of observations and notes that he had begun while a student at Harvard. His most detailed statement of belief was reserved for his first published book, Nature (1836), which appeared anonymously but was soon correctly attributed to him. The volume received little notice, but it has come to be regarded as Emerson’s most original and significant work, offering the essence of his philosophy of transcendentalism. This idealist doctrine opposed the popular materialist and Calvinist (see Calvinism) views of life and at the same time voiced a plea for freedom of the individual from artificial restraints.
Emerson applied these ideas to cultural and intellectual problems in his 1837 lecture “The American Scholar,” which he delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. In it he called for American intellectual independence. A second address, commonly referred to as the “Address at Divinity College,” delivered in 1838 to the graduating class of Cambridge Divinity College, aroused considerable controversy because it attacked formal religion and argued for self-reliance and intuitive spiritual experience.
汉译英
知识与知识分子
这段文字配合英译汉的美国知识分子的社会地位问题，对汉语的“知识”和“知识分子”这两个词语作了考注，具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
II. 翻译技巧 结构调整 顺理成章
英汉两种语言有着不同的行文造句特点和表达习惯，因此在翻译时常常需要打破原文的句式结构，对译文进行结构调整，以符合汉语的表达习惯。英语的句式结构习惯于由点及面，由小到大，由近及远，由轻到重，由弱到强，而汉语恰恰相反，如课本的示意图所示。
从翻译实例训练中取出的句子，其结构都与原文有很大的差异。
1. Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? 美国知识分子遭到了社会的排斥，被认为无足轻重，这是真的吗？（逆序法，按汉语的“先陈述，后质疑”的表达习惯进行结构调整。）
2. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American.当布鲁克伯根神父说，是知识分子拒绝了美国人民这番话的时候，他道出了事情的部分真相。（逆序法，按汉语的时间先后顺序调整句子结构。）
3. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. 我会把知识分子定义为这样一种人：他们把以苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题当作生活中的主要职责和乐趣。（重组法，打破原文的框架结构重新组合。）
4. …finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.最后根据所获得的事实和道德信息，建议采取看来适当的行动。（逆序法，按汉语的逻辑关系调整语序。）
5. …who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 他们必须承担揭示问题的责任，在推论过程中将早先导致做出决定的真相尽量明显地披露出来。（顺译法，大致按原文的语序译出。）
6. …he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 但是除了一些实际方面的问题之外，他们没有被赋予任何探讨任务。（逆序法，按汉语的逻辑关系调整语序。）
7. …but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.但是他们中的大多数人对于所涉及的人的道德判断之类的问题很少或者根本没有经过独立的思考。（顺译法，大致按原文的语序译出。）
8. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts", as Emerson would say, is something else. 正如爱默生喜欢说的那样：精通人类某方面知识是一码事，但活在“公众杰出的思想”中永不磨灭则是另一码事。（拆分法，将as Emerson would say调整到句首。）
英译汉的结构调整
英汉翻译需要译者按汉语的表达习惯进行结构调整，使译文顺理成章。一般来说，英译汉的结构调整大致可采用顺译法、逆序法、时序法、拆分法、重组法等方法。
英汉语言属于不同的语系，因此在思维模式、句式表达上的差异甚大。如语言学家所示，英语的思维模式是由点及面的外展螺旋式，其表达方式是由小到大，由近及远，由轻到重，由弱到强，而汉语恰恰相反，由面到点，由大到小，由远及近，由重到轻，由强到弱。以日常生活中的常见情况为例，同事或朋友之间请求帮助，英美人士脱口就说 Can you help me? 然后再说明需要帮助具体方面，解释其原因等。而汉语则不然，同样的意思需要先要寒暄一番，试着先问对方有没有空，能否抽出时间，再说明具体问题，最后再提出请求。谁也不会唐突地一见面就问“你能帮我一下吗？”不少同学喜欢将汉语的这种思维方式套入英语。譬如这样一例。某同学上课迟到了，向外教解释迟到的原因。按英语表达习惯应当先说“I’m sorry to be late for class. I…” 可他却按中文的“因为……所以”的表达习惯解释了半天，最后才对自己的迟到感到抱歉，听得外教一头雾水，不解其意。由此可见英汉表达的语序差异对语言交流的影响。
以家庭住址为例，英语先是门牌号码，然后街道、城市、州、国家；汉语正好相反：
His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19104, USA. 他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号。邮政编码19104。
以事情的轻重缓急为例，汉语的“分清敌我”，“敌”在先，“我”在后，而英语却恰恰相反，先说“敌”，后说“我”：distinction between ourselves and the enemy；汉语的“必须或者应当”，翻译成英语应先轻后重，译为should or must，如：因此，我们并不认为，他们采取中国的做法。 Therefore, we do not maintain that they adopt the Chinese way.
从时间地点状语上看，汉语先说时间，后说地点，英语则先说地点，后说时间，如：My uncle passed away in hospital at 2.30 a.m. on September 12, 1999.我的伯父于1999年九月十二日凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。
此外，英语的代词可以提前放到所指代的名词之前，形成代词的“预指”，如：Young as he is, the little boy has learned a lot.（尽管这小男孩尚年幼，可已学了不少知识。）有些同学不了解英语的这种表达方式，以至于闹出了“尽管他年纪轻轻，可孩子已学了不少知识”这样的翻译笑话。
英语的倒装结构多，汉语的倒装结构不常见。教材所列举的英语的9种倒装句，翻译成汉语全都是正常语序，只是用问号、感叹号、感叹词、或调整状语的位置来加以表示。5)－8)为几个不太常见的倒装结构。
5) Balance inversion 平衡倒装
这种倒装主要是为了避免句子结构的头重脚轻。这句话的正常语序为：An elaborately described ray came through a gap.主语及修饰部分太长，利用平衡倒装使句子显得平稳。
6) Link inversion 连接倒装
这种倒装主要是为了与上文紧密衔接。这句话的正常语序为：The whole argument depends on this.
7) Signpost inversion 点题倒装
这种倒装主要是为了突出话题。这句话的正常语序为：Strategy means something wider.
8) Negative inversion 否定倒装
这种倒装主要是为了加强否定语气。这句话的正常语序为：He didn’t say a word.
在课本所提供的英译汉、汉译英的常用各种词类转换及英译汉句子成分的基础上，再为大家再提供一些关于转换的翻译实例，这些实例均为历年考研英语翻译试题中的内容。
一、考研翻译结构调整实例
考研实例1：This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005）
参考译文：这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。（顺译法，大致按原文的语序译出，只对个别词语作适当调整。）
考研实例2：Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. (2000）
参考译文：由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种方式相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新压力。（逆序法，按汉语的“由于－因此”表达习惯，对前后语序作了调整，并根据译文表达的需要，将原文主语social stresses译作宾语。）
考研实例3：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. (1996）
参考译文：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常最能有效地解决这个问题。（逆序法，按汉语的“方式－结果”表达习惯调整语序。）
考研实例4：Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed－and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. (2005）
参考译文：电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。（拆分法，将never before句另起一句，调整到句末。）
考研实例5：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. (2000）
大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。（重组法，打破原文的框架结构重新组合。）
英译汉结构调整翻译练习补充
1. Bright, very bright were the stars over the wild, dark hills.
2. It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight.
3. He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.
4. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
5. Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking, of former plains seen heaved aloft, of fires flashing out amid the ruin.
6. I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
7. The president has also called for an annual moment of silence at 8:46 a.m. Eastern time, when the first plane hit the first tower.
8. Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.
9. Can you forge against these enemies in a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?
10. Many more visitors than it can comfortably accommodate poured into it, off the regular steamers, off chartered motorboats and off yachts; all day they ambled up the towpath, looking for what?
参考译文
1. 在荒凉、漆黑的群山上空，闪烁着非常耀眼的星星。
2. 要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。
3. 如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界公众舆论而一意孤行，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。
4. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
5. 大山沉陷，平原隆起，火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟，这些都有报道。
6. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重提访问之事，这使我感到特别高兴。
7. 总统也号召每年的这一天，在东部时间8:46，也就是当第一架飞机撞上第一座塔楼的时刻全国默哀。
8. 如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。
9. 你们能不能不分东西南北，建立起一个对付这些敌人的全球联盟，以保证全人类享有更为丰富的生活？你们是否愿意参与这一历史性的努力？
10. 游客太多了，这小地方接待不过来。搭班船的、坐包船的、驾游艇的，一批批涌到，从早到晚，络绎不绝，漫步爬上阡路。他们想看什么呢？
汉译英结构调整
汉译英的结构调整须注意英语的词语组合独特习惯，尤其须注意用于修饰成分的各类定语、状语的位置。与英语相比，汉语句子较为简短、零散，词序也较为固定，翻译时应注意句子的合并、语序的调整。汉语的句式表达“由重到轻，由强到弱”，将最重要的内容放在首位，给人一个先入为主的印象，如：社会主义的现代化强国，而翻译成英语却需要把最重要的部分紧靠被修饰的词语，所以这一短语译作：a modern, powerful socialist country。在时间、地点、方式上，汉语先说时间、再说地点，然后是方式方法，如：院士此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作。这样的思维模式显然不能用来套英语译文：The academician is working with his two new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.同理，“中国人民正在中国共产党的领导下，团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。”“救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。”这样一些很有中文特色的语句在翻译成英语时都必须按照英语的思维模式和表达习惯行文造句。
1. 定语的结构调整
1) 社会主义的现代化强国
a modern, powerful socialist country
汉语将“社会主义的”放在最前面，而按英语习惯却紧靠中心词country。
2) 一位美国现代优秀作家
an outstanding contemporary American writer
汉语将“美国”放在最前面，而按英语习惯却紧靠中心词writer。
5) 丰收年多积累一点，灾荒年或者半灾荒年就不积累或者少积累一点。
Accumulate more in good years and less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail.
汉语先说“灾荒年、不积累”，而按英语习惯却后说none，totally fail。
6) 这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。
汉语先具体，后总括，将“六个新建的专业”放在最后，而按英语习惯却将6 newly established faculties放在前面。
2. 状语的结构调整
1) 他们的部队水陆并进，及时抵达前线。
Their troops advanced by both land and water, and arrived at the front in time.
2) 救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。
Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.
3) 他过马路时，左顾右盼，害怕撞到过路的车子上。
While crossing the street, he looked right and left, afraid that he might run into some passing car.
4) 因此，我们并不认为，他们必须或者应当采取中国的做法。
Therefore, we do not maintain that they should or must adopt the Chinese way.
课本中的黑体字部分“水陆并进、救死扶伤、左顾右盼、必须或者应当”等其排列顺序与英语都不同，有的是按轻、重顺序，有的是习惯表达。
汉译英结构调整翻译练习补充
发展是我们党执政兴国的第一要务。各项工作都要把有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力，有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，有利于提高人民的生活水平，作为总的出发点和检验标准，尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造，做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。跨入新世纪，我国进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的新的发展阶段。必须按照中国特色社会主义事业总体布局，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设。在新世纪新阶段，经济和社会发展的战略目标是，巩固和发展已经初步达到的小康水平，到建党一百年时，建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会；到建国一百年时，人均国内生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，基本实现现代化。
参考译文
Development is the Party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country. The general starting point and criterion for judging all the Party's work should be how it benefits development of the productive forces in China's socialist society, adds to the overall strength of socialist China and improves the people's living standards. The Party must respect work, knowledge, talent and creation and ensure that development is for the people, by the people and with the people sharing in its fruits. The beginning of the new century marks China's entry into the new stage of development of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerating socialist modernization. The Party must promote all-round economic, political, cultural and social development in accordance with the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The strategic objectives of economic and social development at this new stage in the new century are to consolidate and develop the relatively comfortable life initially attained, bring China into a moderately prosperous society of a higher level to the benefit of well over one billion people by the time of the Party's centenary and bring the per capita GDP up to the level of moderately developed countries and realize modernization in the main by the time of the centenary of the People's Republic of China.
III.思考与练习
一.简要回答以下问题
（开放式提问，教师可根据教学的实际需要自行取舍）
二、翻译练习
A.将下面的短文译成汉语，注意对译文作结构调整。
对照参考译文第一段，不难看出结构调整的必要性。
Few tasks are more daunting than standing in the path of a charging theoretical physicist who is hell-bent on getting funding for the next particle accelerator. 要是一位理论物理学家拼命为下一个粒子加速器寻找经费，那么再没什么事情比阻挡他奋不顾身的冲锋势头更令人生畏的了。（Few tasks are more daunting调整到了句末）。
As practitioners of the hardest of the hard sciences, physicists do little to discourage their aura of intellectual supremacy, particularly when suggesting to Congress that a grand synthesis of all the forces of nature is at hand if the Government will only cough up a few billion dollars more. 由于物理学家们所从事的是自然科学中的难中之难，他们很少对自己至高无上的知识分子味儿感到灰心丧气，这尤其表现在他们向国会体的提议。他们说，只要政府能再掏出区区几十个亿，他们就可以聚集到自然界的所有力量。（一句话切分成两句，all the forces of nature is at hand调整到了句末）。
B.将下面的短文译成英语，注意对译文作结构调整。
对照参考译文，分析这段文字的结构调整。
对于大自然的爱好，我是多方面的，我爱山，但更爱海。
I love diverse aspects of Mother Nature, but I love the sea more than the mountain.（“多方面的”调整到前面，译作diverse aspects of，“爱山”调整到了后面。）
自从来到厦门，我几乎天天都要到海滨去散步，踏在那细软的沙子上，有一种说不出来的舒适。
Ever since I came to Xiamen, I’ve been in the habit of going for a walk along the seashore almost every day. It gives me an indescribable pleasant sensation to step on the spongy fine sand.（一句话分译成两句，“说不出来的舒适”调整到了前面）。
当海风卷起雪浪来袭击海岸时，在美丽的浪花里，会拾到许多小巧玲珑的贝壳、五色斑斓的石子；还有那细如发丝的碧绿海草。
When the sea wind dashes the snow-white billows against the beach, I can pick up from among the brilliant spray many pretty shells and colorful pebbles, as well as some lovely green seaweed as delicate as human hair.（“在美丽的浪花里”调整到了后面from among the brilliant spray；“碧绿海草”调整到前面green seaweed）。
当微风轻轻地从我的身边掠过，那种又清凉又轻松的感觉，真是舒服极了，甜美极了！
How comfortable and refreshed I will be to feel the cool gentle sea breeze brushing past me!（“真是舒服极了，甜美极了”调整到前面How comfortable and refreshed I will be）。
第九单元 翻译技巧7 正反交替 相得益彰
这一单元的教学重点是英汉互译的肯定与否定的各种表达方式，学会翻译的正反交替，识别各类否定的陷阱，将所学翻译技巧用于翻译实践。
I. 翻译实例训练
英译汉 Thinness and Vainglory
这篇文章就妇女的瘦身与虚荣问题发表了作者的见解，全文总共410字，多处涉及翻译技巧中的正反交替问题。
【参考资料】关于温莎公爵夫人Wallis Warfield Simpson
On the death of his father, King George V, in January 1936, Edward was proclaimed King Edward VIII. Before long, rumors circulated about his alleged romance with an American, Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, then married to her second husband, a London shipping broker. On October 20, 1936, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin counseled Edward, as king and head of the Church of England, to remove all cause for the rumors. A week later Mrs. Simpson was granted a divorce, to become final in six months. In November the king confided to Baldwin that he intended to marry Mrs. Simpson even if it meant his abdication. A morganatic marriage was proposed, but the cabinet was unwilling to accept this compromise. On December 11, 1936, therefore, the king abdicated in favor of his brother, the duke of York, who became King George VI. Edward received the title duke of Windsor and married Mrs. Simpson in June 1937.
【参考资料】Christianity
Christianity, the most widely distributed of the world religions, having substantial representation in all the populated continents of the globe. In the late 1990s, its total membership exceeded 1.9 billion people.
Like any system of belief and values, Christianity is in many ways comprehensible only “from the inside,” to those who share the beliefs and strive to live by the values; and a description that would ignore these “inside” aspects of it would not be historically faithful. To a degree that those on the inside often fail to recognize, however, such a system of beliefs and values can also be described in a way that makes sense as well to an interested observer who does not, or even cannot, share their outlook.
【参考资料】Salvation
Salvation, the idea of being saved, as described in various religions. In Christianity, individuals are thought of as being saved from eternal punishment through Christ's death on the cross. In Buddhism, especially in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, people can be saved from the endless cycle of reincarnation through bodhisattvas or through Amida Buddha. In Hinduism, especially in the bhakti tradition, devotion to a god can bring salvation from reincarnation and is open to those who have realized their true nature as brahman (spirit).
汉译英 生活的真谛
这一单元的汉译英翻译实例训练为一篇抒情杂文，共256字，配合正反交替翻译技巧进行教学。
1. 一帆风顺，无风无雨our life be easy, stormless
2. 在宁静的日子里On a windless day
3. 宁静的生活时光 moments of tranquility
4. 生活中不可能只有宁静tranquility never comes alone in our life
5. 不管我们喜欢不喜欢Whether we like it or not
II. 翻译技巧 正反交替 相得益彰
肯定与否定的各种翻译方式，如课本中所示：
1. No woman can be too rich or too thin. 女人的钱再多也不多，女人再瘦也不瘦。（No …too …too…为双重否定，加强语气）
2. Being rich wouldn’t be bad either, but that won’t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. 有钱不是什么坏事，但这种情况不会发生在我身上——除非在某个遥远的国度一个不知名的亲戚突然死了，给我留下了千百万美元的遗产。(正常否定，wouldn’t, won’t, unless, unknown对号入座)
3. When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? 什么时候吃黄油成了一种罪过？稍稍多一点赘肉不是令人厌恶，就是相貌平庸？（反说正译，将unappealing（无吸引力的）译作“相貌平庸”；if not对号入座）
4. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. 然而，直到前不久，大多数人都有不够吃的问题。（正说反译，将a problem getting enough to eat译作“不够吃的问题”）
5. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well.这么看来，问题的关键不是我们的体重太重，而是我们锻炼不够，吃得也不科学。（将not that…but that…, neither … nor…对号入座）
6. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. 低脂肪的均衡饮食也能帮助身体避免多种疾病。（反说正译，将diet without a lot of fat译作“低脂肪的饮食”）
7. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. 我们绝对不应该再把这么多的注意力放在体重上了。仅仅瘦是不够的。（正说反译，将should surely stop译作“绝对不应该”；not enough对号入座）
8. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style.如果那些瘦了或本来就瘦的人认为他们自然就健康，因而不注意自己的整体生活方式，这实际上很危险。（正说反译，将free from paying attention译作“不注意”）
肯定与否定是每一种语言中固有的语言现象，在一般情况下，翻译可以对号入座。不过，有时候英汉翻译中的肯定与否定并不完全对应，我们不能一看见yes便译作“是”，一看见no便是“不”。请看下面几例，Yes都不宜简单地译作“是”字。
1. “Li Xiaoli!” “Yes.”
2. Oh, yes; a very great success.
3. “Just one moment.” “Yes, sir.”
4. “Send it at once, will you?” “Yes, sir.”
5. He covered himself quickly and got in, saying: “Yes, yes.”
6. “He didn’t see us.” “Yes, he did.”
7. “Yes?” The man standing at the door asked.
1. “李晓莉！”“到。”
2. 啊，不错，了不起的成就。
3. “请稍等。”“好的，先生。”
4. “请你马上送来好吗？”“行，先生。”
5. 他迅速走过来进入房间，一面说道：“来了，来了。”
6. “她没有看见我们。”“不，他看见了。”
7. “有事吗？”站在门边的人问。
下面几例，No都不宜简单地译作“不”。
1. No farther! 别再向前走啦。别再说啦。
2. No admission. 非请莫入／禁止入内。
3. No! You're kidding! 决不可能！你在开玩笑吧！（我才不信你呢！）
4. A: I bought the camera for 50 yuan.
5. B: No! Could it really have been so cheap?不会吧？有那么便宜？
6. Oh, no! My computer has been attacked by hackers. 糟啦！我的电脑遭黑客侵袭了。
英译汉的正反交替
1. 英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式
有时候，照字面译出来会造成文句不通顺，因此需要正说反译。譬如Please keep the fire burning．我们一般不说“请保持火燃烧”，而是译作“别让火灭了。” 这种方法可广泛用于各种词类、短语、甚至整个句子的翻译。
He denied it to be the case. (verb)他说事实不是这样。(denied：拒绝，正说反译：不是)
I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。(expect 期待，正说反译：没想到；older较老，正说反译：这样年轻)
If it worked once, it can work twice. (sentence) 一次得手，再次不愁。(work：起作用，正说反译：不愁)
以上各例如果照字面翻译为肯定，会使人感到莫名其妙。
2. 英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式
英语中的否定有时候需要译成汉语的肯定，而且在许多情况下，经过“反说正译”处理的译文读起来更自然，更能传达出原文的意义。这种方法亦可广泛用于各种词类、短语、甚至整个句子的翻译。譬如Don’t lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。如照字面翻译，读起来非常别扭。
“反说正译”尤其适用于某些特殊句式结构的翻译，这些句式结构包括双重否定、 not…until, no sooner than, hardly（scarcely）… when（before）, rather than, nothing but, cannot…too, cannot help, cannot but等等。
3. 同一词语，肯定否定均可
这类情况需根据上下文，视情况的需要，译作肯定式或否定式。譬如第2例：He is free with his money. 他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。）前一种译文为贬义（用钱大吃大喝、玩乐等），后一种为褒义（用钱帮助他人，助人为乐等）。这一节最后一例的两种不同译法：The criminal is still at large. 罪犯还未捉拿归案。（从执法的角度）罪犯仍旧逍遥法外／逍遥自在。（从罪犯本人角度）
4. 英语中的双重否定结构
双重否定一般来说可译作肯定，其道理如两个负数相加为正数一样。不过，双重否定是一种特殊的强调句式，意思上是“负负为正”，但实际翻译操作起来就没那么简单了。以have to（不得不）为例，去掉两个“不”字之后意思不变，但语气强度就差多了。请看这样一例：You don’t have to do all the exercises. 照字面翻译：你不不得不做所有这些练习作业。去掉两个“不”字，便成了：你不得做所有这些练习作业。显然原文不是这个意思，而是“你不一定非做完这些作业不可”。所以在翻译双重否定使，不能简单地套用某一固定句型，最重要的是把握原文的真实含义。
5. 委婉的肯定
这是一种迂回的表达肯定的方式，字面看似否定，实为委婉迂回的肯定。这类结构切不可照字面理解。譬如I couldn’t feel better. 其原文意思是：我觉得身体好得不能更好了，所以译意为：我觉得身体棒极了。
I couldn’t agree with you more. 其原文意思是：我百分之百地同意你，完全同意，再没有任何保留的余地了，所以译意为：我太赞成你的看法了。
If that isn’t what I want! 其原文意思是：要是它不是我所要的（才怪呢），所以译意为：我所要的就是这个呀！
6）否定的陷阱
英语中的一些否定结构如果按字面意义理解很容易出错，这些结构我们称之为“否定的陷阱”，稍有不慎就会出错。特别是其中的1) not…because 、2) cannot…too和3) all /every …not这3类。
第1类not…because（并非因为……而），我们称之为“否定的转移”，即看似否定的前面，实际上否定的是后面。这类情况我们平时也见过，只不过没那么留心罢了。如：
I don’t suppose he’ll come.我看他不会来了（看似否定的前面suppose，实际上否定的是后面he’ll come）。遇到这类否定，我们可以凭借逻辑和常识来解决问题。
譬如：The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished. 如照字面译作“引擎因为燃料耗尽而不停止运转”，违反逻辑，用“否定的转移”便能很好地就决这一问题。
再如：In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. 如果事情发生在以色列，受歧视的应该是阿拉伯人，而不是犹太人，所以这句话也可以照正常情况译作：在那个城市我们因为是犹太人而从未遭受歧视。
第2类的 cannot…too容易按字面误译成“不能太……”，而实际上这种表达法是一种“负负为正”的肯定式，其含义是“怎么……也不过分”。除了cannot…too之外，还可以用can never…too, cannot…overestimate等，翻译时视情况调整措辞。
第1例：The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated.这句话的含义是“这个会议的重要怎么强调也不过分”，因此可译成：这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。
第2例：I shall never be able to stress too much your kindness. 这句话的含义是“我怎么感谢你，也将不过分”，因此可意译为：不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩于万一。
第3例：You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 这句话的含义是“校对时，你怎么仔细也不过分”，因此可意译为成：校对时，越仔细越好。
第3类的all…not也容易出问题，学生往往会照字面理解为“都不”，而“都不”是一种完全否定，其对应的字眼应当是no, nothing, none, nobody等。一般来说all…not ＝not all，不过，随着计算机越来越普遍地得到使用，英语与世界其他语言的融合，all…not逐渐具有了“都不”的含义，尤其是在科技翻译中。
第6类It be + adj. + noun + that…是从古英语流传下来的一个句型，可以理解为“再……的……也难免会……”，如：It is a good workman that never blunders. 再好的工匠也难免会出错。经过润色，将其翻译成汉语成语：“智者千虑，必有一失”。其余各例亦可依此类推。
考研英语翻译试题正反交替实例
1. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rule of conduct in business. (2006）
译文：但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德，就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。（正说反译，将any more than译作“不能指望…”）
2. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involves moral judgment. (2006）
译文：他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。（正说反译，将more than译作“不仅仅”）
3. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002）
译文：（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。（正说反译，将Until译作“如果得不到…”）
4. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate on the various branches of historical inquiry.（1999）
译文：历史研究方法论是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史研究中的众多具体领域适合研究方法，人们对此看法各异。（反说正译，将no agreement 译作“看法各异”）
5. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. (1994）
译文：伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。（正说反译，将rather than译作“而不是”）
6. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. (1993）
译文：科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。（反说正译，将nothing but 译作“只不过”）
7. To criticise it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticising a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. (1992）
译文：批评智力测验不测孩子的性格等情况，犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。（正说反译，将such failure译作“不测孩子的性格等情况”）
8. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. (1992)
译文：人们对智力一词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。（正说反译，将more agreement on …than…作结构调整）
9. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (1992)
译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏其他孩子已掌握的有关知识而受惩罚。（否定的转移，将was not punished译作“没有因为……而受惩罚”）
汉译英的正反交替
汉语的一些习惯表达法，看似否定，实为肯定，如第1例：“没来得及阻拦我之前”，“差点儿没摔一跤”等，去掉否定词“没”，意思是一样的。另外，从语气、搭配考虑，有时需要作正反交替才能翻译出原文的准确含义。
第2例：俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。除了教材上给出的译文之外，也可以用not..until, won’t unless 之类的否定结构译出。
第3例：除了教材上给出的译文之外，“没有一点声响”也可以用without any sound, everything is soundless等，不过 all was still更简洁达意。
2. Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect从强调或修辞上考虑
这一节给出的3个例句，都用了正说反译，反说正译。第1例的“一定要永远记取”，译作No comrade in the Party must ever forget正说反译；第2例的“不能忘记这些基本点”，译作must be kept in mind反说正译；第3例的“后继有人”，译作has no lack of successors，正说反译。为什么不能按原文字面翻译呢？这里面自有其道理。第1例的“一定要永远记取”的是文化大革命的惨痛的历史教训，如果用keep in mind (随时牢记在心)，给人以耿耿于怀的感觉，这样还能做其他事吗？所以这个短语用在第2例，则恰如其分地反映了原文的意思。第3例的“后继有人”，如果照字面译作there are some successors则语气不够，因为汉语的这一成语，不是指有没有人的问题，而是“不乏其人”之意。
3. Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning从原文的确切意思考虑
这一类情况比较笼统，主要涉及对原文的准确理解，应视具体情况的不同而采用肯定或否定。第1例的“辜负了世界人民所寄予的希望”，“辜负”二字，有各种不同理解和表达法，此处用justify(证明...是正当的)而没用动词短语live up to，是因为后者一般多用于人，而此句的主语为“组织”。第2例的“经不起成功也经不起失败”，用被动语态译作肯定式：be easily elated by success and deflated by failure，较好地传达出原文的确切意思；第3例的“马上”，用否定式译作won’t be long（要不了多长时间），也是从上下文考虑，根据口语的特点译出原文的语气。
III.思考与练习
一. 简要回答以下问题
（开放式提问，教师可根据教学的实际需要自行取舍）
二、翻译练习
A.将下面的短文译成汉语，注意否定与肯定的处理。
下面是这篇翻译需要注意正反交替一些句子：
The loss seems even smaller这一损失微不足道（正说反译）
No environmental problem threatens the "planet" or rates with the danger of a nuclear war.没有任何环境问题会像核战争那样对我们星球造成威胁，没有任何危险比核战争的危险更大。
No oil spill ever caused suffering on a par with today's civil war in Yugoslavia, which is a minor episode in human misery.任何溢油事故所造成的危害也无法同今日南斯拉夫内战相比。而南斯拉夫的内战也只是人类灾难史上的一个小插曲。
On any scale of tragedy, environmental distress is a featherweight. 无论用什么来作为衡量悲剧的尺度，环境问题所造成的痛苦都轻如鸿毛。
This is not an argument for indifference or inaction. 我这样说并不是为漠不关心或无动于衷的态度进行辩解。
B.将下面的短文译成英语，注意否定与肯定的处理。
翻译这两段文字需要注意正反交替的地方：
不怕不识货，只怕货比货。It is the superior quality of the products that help them get the upper hand
优者未必胜，劣者未必败。The good ones /products may not always score, while the inferior ones/ goods do not necessarily lose out.
无所不用其极的地步 go to extremes
第十单元 翻译技巧8 语态转换 约定俗成
这一单元的教学重点是语态转换，使学生理解英汉在主动被动语态上的差异，在英译汉时，应本着约定俗成的原则，按汉语的习惯表达法，尽量将被动语态转换为主动结构。汉译英时，应学会将一些主动结构转化为英语的被动语态。
I. 翻译实例训练
英译汉 Britain: No Privacy in the Privy
这篇翻译实例训练全文选自英国《经济学人》The Economist 2001年7月7日的一篇新闻报道，总共323字，翻译中涉及语态转换、结构调整、正反交替等翻译技巧。
汉译英 传真机
这段文字为国内某英译汉考试原题，共190字，其中多处涉及语态的转换，如：
传真机在中国的使用已十分普及Fax machines have been widely used in China
据估计It is estimated that
进口机将占据市场的主导地位with the market being dominated by the imported ones
国内市场上的传真机90%以上是进口货more than 90% of the fax machines on China’s market are imported from overseas
国产传真机正在投放市场home-made machines are being put in the market
II. 翻译技巧 语态转换 约定俗成
这篇翻译实例训练涉及语态转换的句式结构有：
1. They are called "Viewrinals" 它们叫做 “视屏便池”。
2. a firm called Digital View, hope to see them adopted everywhere.一家叫做“数码视图”的公司希望看到这些产品用于世界各地。
3. Screens can now be found in supermarkets, cornershops, service-station forecourts, and so on. 现今在超市、街角商店、服务站前院等地随处都可以见到屏幕。
4. the Viewrinal's screen can now be plugged straight into the Internet, and thus be fed with commercials from anywhere in the world, which are in turn transmitted with the latest video compression techniques. “视屏便池”的屏幕现在可以直接与国际互联网络连接，这样一来就可以接收来自世界各地的商业广告节目，而这些广告节目靠使用最新的视频压缩技术来传送。
5. Advertisers can keep a tab on how many times each advert is seen. 广告商可以密切注视各个广告究竟看了多少次。
英语被动语态主要用于以下4种情况。
1. 在不知道或不清楚动作的执行者是谁，如：We are kept strong and well by clean air. 洁净的空气使我们身体健康。
2. 出于礼貌委婉的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁，如：Visitors are requested no to touch the exhibits. 观众请勿抚摸展览品。
3. 动作的承受者是话题的中心，如：The three machines can be controlled by a single operator.这句话的中心话题是three machines，这三台机器可以由一人单独操纵，说明机器容易操纵。要是换一个税法：他一人可以单独操纵三台机器，话题的中心便是“他”，说明他很有能耐。
4. 便于句子结构的衔接连贯，如：John was a lawyer’s son and was destined to the bar. 这句话中“约翰”是主语，为了便于与下一句的及物动词destine（注定）衔接，使用了被动语态。the bar律师业，the prisoner at the bar在法庭中受审者
常用的英语被动语态的处理方法
1. 将英语被动语态转为主动
这种情况也就是保持英语原文的基本结构，只是不译出“被”字，主要是从译文的通顺考虑，消除不必要的误解。如：The whole country was armed in a few days.要是译成“几天之内全国就被武装起来了”，汉语译文难免会给人一种“被迫”的感觉，而原文并无此意思。再如，要是将energy is being transformed from one form into another译成“量都在由一种形式被变为另一种形式”，译文就不通顺。
2. 将英语被动语态转为汉语的无主句
汉语表达比较灵活，不像英语那样受严格的主、谓、宾结构限制，汉语句子可以不要主语，因此在很多情况下，可采用汉语的无主句来翻译英语的被动语态。这种情况也是从译文表达的效果考虑。
要是将The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.按原文结构译成“这种讨厌的噪音必须被立即终止”；将Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion译成“对于防腐新措施的注意已经被给与”，会令读者感到莫名其妙。
3. 英语被动语态保持不变
在有些情况下，原文的主语确实处于某种不利的境地，可以按按汉语习惯分别用“被…”、“给…”、“遭…”、“受…”、“为……所”等字眼。注意，汉语的“受”、“为……所”等字比较中性，如：受表扬，受批评，一旦所有的事实为人们所发现，等等，翻译时往往可以忽略其负面含义。“遭…”、“挨…”则只用于负面含义，如：“遭罪”、“遭袭击”、“挨打”、“挨批评”，等等。
4. 用汉语的其他手段代替
在有些情况下，英汉语言结构差异太大，很难套用原文的结构，我们可跳出原文的圈子，用意译来表达出原文的涵义。如课本中的译例populate vt.使人口聚居于，denude vt.使裸露, 剥下，deliver vt.为…接生，wed vt.娶, 嫁，等。汉语没有这些类似的表达法，译文只好另辟蹊径，采用意译来表达出原文的真实涵义。
2.汉译英被动结构的翻译
汉译英时所面临的被动结构一般有3种情况，一是带有“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等被动标签的句子，二是不带这些被动标签的汉语句子，如 “作业做完了”， “任务完成了”， ……等等，而后者更为常见。第三种为完全主动的含义，出于表达重心的考虑，需要将其处理为被动结构。因此，汉译英的关键是如何将汉语的某些看似“主动”的结构翻译成英语的被动语态，在主动和被动结构中进行自然而准确的切换。
1. 带有被动词语的结构
这一类结构中常见的被动词语有“被、受、遭、给、让、挨、叫、为……所、加以、予以”等等。翻译时可套用英语的被动语态；如：被选为be elected；受的尊敬be respected; 叫……打破, 挨骂be broken, be scolded；为……所接受be accepted by…等等。需要注意的是，并非所有带有被动标签的结构都应译成被动语态，有些汉语的“被”，英语要用不及物动词来翻译，因此没有被动语态。如：
老太太被风吹病了。The old lady fell ill because of the draught. 词组fall ill为不及物动词，不能够用被动语态，要是换成“被暴风卷走了”就可以用被动语态：be blown away by the storm；同理，在“水管给冻住了”这句话中，“冻”（freeze）为不及物动词，也不能够用被动语态，只能译为the water pipes froze.
2. 不带有被动标签的结构
这一类结构中见不到被动词语，但却明显地带有被动的含义，这种情况需要我们利用逻辑思维进行分析：主语究竟能不能完成某一动作。如：这个问题正在研究。显然“问题”不能自行研究，一定是由人来完成，所以应当译成被动语态：The problem is now being studied. 换一种情况，要是说“问题正在显露出来”，“问题”可以自行“显露”，所以应当译成主动语态：The problem is emerging.
再举一例，“前面在修路”。根据逻辑分析我们知道“路”不能自行修建，而需要由人来完成，这与“张三在修路”显然是两码事，所以这句话应当译成被动语态：The road is being built in the front.
3. 汉语的主动结构转化为英语的被动语态
这一类结构完全没有被动的含义，但是由于需要突出句子的某一成分，翻译成英语需将汉语的主动结构转换成英语的被动语态。据不同的视点，译文可以有不同的句式重心，因此有不同的处理方法。以教材的第3句译例为例：
一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个的问题。很明显，原文的视点是围绕着“他”而展开，全句以“他”为重心，所以我们用了被动语态：Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions. 如果以“一群人”为全句的视点，后面紧接着是“然后他们又围住了另一个人”之类的话，显然就要用主动结构了。
4. 用“It be + adj. (p.p.)”+ that从句
汉语的一些习惯用语看似主动结构，翻译成英语时可以套用英语的It be + adj. (p.p.) + that clause结构，尤其是在主语的指代不明的情况下，如：众所周知、据说（据调查／报告／谣传……）、应该说、必须指出，……等等。采用这些表达方式往往是出于不知道或不清楚动作的执行者是谁，或出于礼貌委婉的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。事实上，很多这类表达法是汉语在借鉴一些英语句型的基础上形成的现代汉语的套话，现在将这些套话翻译成英语，套用英语的现存句型模式就行了。
III.思考与练习
一.简要回答以下问题
（开放式提问，教师可根据教学的实际需要自行取舍）
二、翻译练习
A.将下面的短文译成汉语，注意被动语态的处理。
这篇文章涉及被动语态的处理的句子如下：
1. Someday, keyboards and computer mice will be remembered only as medieval-style torture devices for the wrists. 有朝一日，键盘和鼠标将会成为人们记忆中折磨手腕的中世纪式装置。
2. All work—emails, spreadsheets, and Google searches—will be performed by mind control. 所有的工作——电子邮件、电子数据表和Google搜索——都将由大脑控制进行。
3. the sensational research that's been done on the brain of Matthew by scientists at Brown University and three other institutions该实验由布朗大学和其他三个机构的科学家在马太的大脑上合作完成
4. Matthew was hooked up to a computer via an implant smaller than an aspirin马太通过头顶一个比阿斯匹林药片还小的植入器连接电脑
5. Matthew was able to accomplish all this because the brain has been greatly demystified in laboratories over the last decade or so. 马太能够完成这一切，因为过去十年左右，大脑的奥秘在很大程度上已经在实验室里被揭开。
6. But who would want to get a brain implant if they haven't been struck by a drastic case of paralysis? 但是如果没有全身瘫痪这样的重大疾病，谁会想在自己的大脑里植入芯片呢？
B.将下面的短文译成英语，注意将汉语的主动结构转换为英语的被动语态。
这段文字涉及被动语态的处理的句子如下：
1. 已取得了良好的效果Remarkable effects on the environment have been achieved
2. 每天发布的各种信息Reports are being released every day
3. 大大增强了人们的环境意识People's environmental awareness has been noticeably enhanced
4. 这对房地产业的影响尤为显著this is especially shown in its effect on the industry of real estate.
5. 国内亲水住宅日趋流行Waterside houses are being sought after by more and more people
6. 河道整治过后 the canal was dredged
第十一单元 翻译技巧 名词性从句 灵活处理
这一单元的教学重点是英语中的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句这4种英语名词性从句的翻译方法及汉语的复合句的翻译。
I. 翻译实例训练
英译汉The Difference between a Brain and a Computer
这篇翻译实例训练是一篇关于计算机的科普文章，总共345字，涉及各类词性从句的翻译处理由下面这些句子：
1. It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so.（主语从句）人们常说，电脑之所以能解决问题，只是因为它们给输入了解决问题的“程序”。
2. They can only do what men have them do.（宾语从句）它们只能做人让它们做的事。
3. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do.（宾语从句）我们应该记住，人类同样也只能按“程序”办事。
4. It could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.（宾语从句）它就能与人脑旗鼓相当，完成人脑所能做的一切。
5. To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it.（表语从句）如果还要设想别的什么的话，那就是假设人脑除了构成它的物质之外，还更多的奥秘。
汉译英
人脑能知道多少?
这段文字对人脑的结构及其认知能力作了介绍，共217字。翻译处理需注意数据的准确、结构明晰。具体的翻译详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
II 翻译技巧 名词性从句 灵活处理
英语名词性从句的翻译方法
英语名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句4大类。这些从句或是在句子中做主语，或是作宾语、表语、同位语，在句子中的作用相当于名词，因此我们习惯是将它们叫做名词性从句。
1. 主语从句
翻译由what, whatever, whoever等引起的主语从句，可保持原词序不变。但在翻译以“it”为形式主语的从句时，语序往往需要颠倒。
2. 宾语从句
翻译宾语从句一般可按原词序进行，有时也可放在主句前。但在翻译以“it”为形式宾语的从句时，语序往往需要颠倒。
3.表语从句
表语从句的翻译一般来说可一成不变地按原文的词序进行。
4. 同位语从句
英语同位语从句的翻译可按这样4种方法来处理：
1) 保持原本的语序，用类似宾语从句的方法来翻译；
2) 将同位语从句前置，用翻译定语从句的类似结构来翻译，或单独翻译成一句；
3) 加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这一”、“即”等字眼；
4) 改变原文的同位语结构，用汉语的无主句或其他方式译出。
汉语的复句的翻译
汉语不存在类似英语的名词性从句。汉语的复句主要分为联合复句和偏正复句两类。我们在翻译汉语复句时，关键在于抓住句子的重心，将主要信息译作英语的主句，其余部分视情况可分别用分词、动名词、不定式、介词短语等来翻译。如这样一例：
他站在窗口向外看。
翻译这句话首先要分清主要信息是“站”还是“看”。根据不同语境，此句可分别译作：He stood at the window, looking outside.
或：Standing at the window he looked outside.
如果不强调某一动作，则可译作并列结构：
He stood at the window, looked outside, (and then walked away).
1. 合并零散短句
与英语相比，汉语句子较为简短、零散，词序也较为固定，翻译时应注意句子的合并、语序的调整。
例1：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
如果照汉语的结构翻译这句话，就成了A pile of umbrellas are placed in the doorway. They are at least twelve. They are in all the colors of rainbow and in different sizes.显然，这样的英语表达太零碎，将其合并为一句，才符合英语表达习惯：At least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors lay in the doorway. 为了避免译文头重脚轻，我们可将状语提前，于是便有了教材上的这种译文：In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
例2：我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人, 要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。
如果按汉语结构译作I have visited some places and met many people. If I talk about them, there are a lot of wonderful stories to tell about, 对英语读者来说，既又罗嗦没有头绪，不知原话的真正意图是什么。因此我们可将其并为一句：There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
例3：我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
这句话要是按汉语句式译作I have a question that I can not understand. I want to ask you the question. Can you answer the question? 会令听话者感到莫名其妙，不知道所云。将其合并为一，就一目了然了：Could you kindly answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
2. Sentence Sequence句子的结构顺序
句子的结构顺序也是汉语复句的翻译中的一个需要考虑的因素。同样一个句子，由于结构顺序的不同的会有不同的意思侧重。
例1：黑龙江省林业厅顾问赵树森在人民日报上撰文指出，中国的森林是丰富的再生能源，在农村地区应当大力开发，用作烧柴。
English version A按一般新闻报道的结构排列顺序组织译文，句子显得四平八稳；English version B将人物作为句子的主语，突出了讲话者的权威性；English version C将报道的内容放在最前面，突出了内容的重要性。
III.思考与练习
一、简要回答以下问题
（开放式提问，教师可根据教学的实际需要自行取舍）
二、翻译练习
A.将下面的短文译成汉语，注意名词性从句的翻译。
此练习多处涉及名词性从句的翻译。标题Words! Words! Words!不宜照字面译作“词！词！词！” 而应意译为“词呀！多义的词！”或“捉摸不定／令人费解的词！”
翻译此练习的关键在于两点：一是理解有关work的含义及固定搭配，二是其专用术语。
1. It works 行了，成功了
2. a boiler “works” 锅炉“厂”
3. the “works” that make a watch tick 手表的“机件”使之嘀嗒作响
4. work for a living 挣钱谋生
5. “worked” on his dad “说服”爸爸
6. work its way 费力地行进
7. work through 费力地穿越
8. a precise meaning for the word “work” “功”一词的精确含义
9. the “working” of materials 金属“加工”
10. “worked” metals“受到加工的”金属
11. “Work” to the metallurgist 金学家所说的“加工”
12. A nail bent by a hammer is “worked” 锤子敲弯钉子是“加工”
13. further working进一步加工
14. severe working of metals深加工
15. classed as “working” 归为“加工工序”
B.将下面的短文译成英语，注意词句之间的衔接。
这段文字对人体的心脏结构及其功能作了介绍，共231字。翻译处理需注意将各小句合并，把握好句子的结构。具体的翻译详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
第十二单元 翻译技巧10 定语从句 分合换替
这一单元的教学重点是英语定语从句的翻译，在使学生了解和掌握一般的定语从句的翻译的基础上，着重掌握好兼有状语功能的定语从句。
I. 翻译实例训练
英译汉 The Role of the Mass Media
这篇文章全选自2005年全国研究生英语入学考试试题的翻译部分，全文共400字，多处地方都涉及到定语从句的翻译技巧。
【参考资料】Berlusconi, Silvio
Berlusconi, Silvio (1936- ), Italian businessman and politician, prime minister of Italy (1994; 2001- ). Silvio Berlusconi was born in Milan. He studied law at the University of Milan and received his law degree in 1961. To help pay for his education, he sold vacuum cleaners door-to-door and worked as a singer on summer cruise ships with his own band. While attending the university, Berlusconi befriended Bettino Craxi, a future Socialist Party leader and prime minister of Italy.
In 1961 Berlusconi established a construction company, Cantieri Riuniti Milanesi. Two years later he founded a second construction firm, Edilnord di Silvio Berlusconi & Company. Edilnord grew into a highly successful company, developing numerous large commercial and residential projects. In 1969 Berlusconi built an entire suburb north of Milan, called Milano 2.
In the 1970s Berlusconi diversified his investments and began building a media empire. In 1974 he founded Telemilana, a cable television station that serviced Milano 2. Berlusconi soon created a network of local television stations that covered much of Italy. By 1994 Berlusconi’s holding company, Fininvest—now Mediaset, Italy’s largest multimedia group—had majority control of the three leading private television stations, two daily newspapers, numerous magazines, the publishing company Arnoldo Mondadori Editore SpA, the department store chain La Standa, and the soccer club AC Milan, as well as a range of insurance and financial companies.
Throughout his rise in business, Berlusconi maintained close ties to Craxi, who was forced out of politics by corruption investigations that began in 1992. In 1994 Berlusconi created a political party of his own, Forza Italia, named for the popular soccer chant “Let’s go Italy.” Forza Italia allied with the Northern League, a conservative regional group, and the rightist National Alliance, to fight parliamentary elections in March 1994. Berlusconi’s party and its allies won a large enough share of the vote to form a government in May, with Berlusconi as prime minister. However, Berlusconi was forced to resign seven months later, in December 1994, when the Northern League left the coalition government.
【参考资料】Maxwell, Robert
Maxwell, (Ian) Robert (1923-1991), British publisher, politician, and media tycoon. Maxwell was born Jan Ludvick Hoch to Jewish parents in Czechoslovakia. At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Maxwell was working in Budapest and escaped the Holocaust in which most of his family perished. He fled continental Europe and joined the British army, becoming a distinguished officer and winning the Military Cross. After the war Maxwell set up Pergamon Publishing, a move that established scientific publishing in Britain.
In 1959 Maxwell embarked on his political career with his selection as a Labour Party candidate; he was elected to parliament in 1964 and served as a member of Parliament until 1970. In 1981 he rescued the British Printing Corporation, which comprised a substantial portion of the British newspaper and magazine publishing industry, from financial collapse; he renamed it Maxwell Communications Corporation. In 1984 Maxwell became chairman of Mirror Group Newspapers, which supported the Labour Party openly in their political coverage. He also originated two newspapers: the short-lived London Daily News (1988) and The European (1990).
By 1990 Maxwell had built one of the world's largest media empires, which included American publishing companies as well as television and film production concerns. However, with the exception of the Daily Mirror, his business was largely unprofitable and in 1991 he began to liquidate his assets. Maxwell died the same year under mysterious circumstances. His body was found in seas off the Canary Islands five days after he disappeared from his luxury yacht. At the time of his death the corporation was estimated to be 400 million pounds (about U.S.$720 million) in debt. A lengthy inquiry into Maxwell's affairs revealed that he had embezzled funds from his company and his employee's pension funds.
【参考资料】Murdoch, Rupert
Murdoch, Rupert (1931- ), Australian-born media magnate whose business holdings include newspapers, magazines, television stations, and news services. Current holdings include the Fox Broadcasting Company, T.V. Guide magazine and the London Times. He boosted the circulation of many of his newspapers by creating a tabloid mix of sex, crime, and sports stories topped with giant sensationalized headlines. He was born in Melbourne, Australia, and educated at the University of Oxford. He became a United States citizen in 1985.
After earning his degree at Oxford, Murdoch remained in England to work as a junior editor for the London Daily Express. Journalism was a familiar trade as his father had been chief executive of Australia's largest newspaper chain. His family inherited a remote radio station and the weakest papers of the group, the Adelaide News and Sunday Mail. Murdoch returned to Australia in 1954 and took charge of the Adelaide News (sold in 1987 and closed in 1992), a marginally profitable afternoon daily paper. Applying his Daily Express experience, he created the giant sensationalized headlines that were to become his trademark, and the paper's readership soared.
Murdoch started building his media empire with the purchase of a Perth Sunday newspaper in 1956, and in 1960 he entered the Sydney market by acquiring the Sydney Daily and Sunday Mirror. His hard-sell promotions and lurid stories boosted the circulations of both papers. In 1964 Murdoch founded Australia's first national newspaper, the Australian, which featured national and international news, investigative reporting, and local issues. By 1968 his Australian empire of newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting stations was worth an estimated $50 million.
汉译英 因特网
这段文字配合英译汉的新闻传媒话题，介绍了因特网的急剧发展及作用。具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
II.翻译技巧： 定语从句 合分替换
英语定语从句的翻译
英语的定语从句呈右开放状，从理论上讲，一个句子可以向右无限扩展；课本所示，可以连续不断地使用若干that, which, who, whose, whom, when, where等关系代词、关系副词连接各句。而汉语没有定语从句之说，作为修饰成分的定语习惯上放在被修饰词之前（左边），用“…的”结构表现，呈左封闭状。如果“…的…的”太多，如第3－5例所示，就会不知所云，影响对整个句子的理解。所以，翻译英语定语从句最有效的方法之一就是将其切分为一个个短句，然后再分别处理。在很多情况下，根据汉语表达的需要，也可以考虑打破原文的定语结构，根据自己对原文的正确理解，用自己的话译出原文的意思。这种方法尤其用在英汉表达差异较大、或照定语从句结构翻译容易造成误解的情况。
这篇翻译实例训练涉及的定语从句：
1. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一
2. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功。这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起，共同发展。
3. …a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 统计数字尤其说明了这一事实：在80个欧洲电视网中，1989年出现亏损的不下50%。
4. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事
5. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own. 这就需要减少我们对北美市场的依赖，因为北美的电视节目所涉及的经历感受和文化传统与我们的大不相同。
6. …the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 建立一个欧洲电视制作银行，这个银行的创建将能解决生产成本的资金问题。
兼有状语功能的定语从句
在很多情况下，英语中的定语从句兼有状语的功能，在翻译这类定语从句时，我们可视情况将其替换为相应的表示原因、结果、目的、时间、条件、让步等的汉语语句。
在很多情况下，英语中的定语从句兼有状语的功能，这时我们可视情况将其译作与汉语相应的表示原因、结果、目的、时间、条件、让步等的状语从句。以课本中的译句为例。
You must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics.
cf. “你必须掌握物理学中很重要的‘功’的概念”。
此句如果按定语结构译作“你必须掌握物理学中很重要的‘功’的概念”，就容易造成歧义：很重要的是“功”还是“概念”，令人感到费解。而原文却很清楚，重要的是“概念”。
将英语定语从句译作状语，是因为汉语自身表达上的问题，需要改变句型。
汉语中定语成分的含混不清的情况并不少见。如：
热爱人民的总理。这句话可以有两种不同的理解：
热爱／人民的总理
热爱人民的／总理。
英语中一般不会有这类动宾结构上的混淆，如果有什么歧义，问题往往是出在修饰成分上。如：
He hit the man with a stick.
是“他用棍子打那人”，还是“他打了拿棍子的那个人”？这取决于上下文语境。
Flying machines is/are dangerous.
是“操纵这些飞行器”，还是“这些飞行器”很危险？
再以课本中的另一句为例：
We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。
如果将此句的定语结构译作“比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线的猫的眼睛”，会使人感到还有一些猫的眼睛可能没有人的眼睛吸收那么多的光线。而用原因状语则能将其翻译清楚。
用类似的方法将其他一些定语从句译作汉语结果、让步、条件、目的状语从句的方法，也都自有其道理。譬如：
Copper, which is used so widely for carrying electricity, offers very little resistance. 铜的电阻很小，所以广泛地用来传输电力。
如果将此句译作“广泛地用来传输电力的铜的电阻很小”，因果关系不明，会使人产生“其它的铜电阻大”的误解。
下面再为大家提供一些历年考研英语翻译所涉及的定语从句的翻译实例。
1. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. (2006)
译文：我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为人生首要责任和快乐的人。（采用“…的…”结构）
2. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006)
译文：他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。（分译法，另起一句）
3. In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. (2005)
译文：在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。（替换法，打破原文的定语结构）
4. Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005)
译文：不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。（采用“…的…”结构）
5. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (2004)
译文：沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。（替换法，打破原文的定语结构）
6. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. (2003)
译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。（采用“…的…”结构）
7. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003)
译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。（前一句用分译法，另起一句；后一句采用“…的…”结构）
8. Tylor defined culture as "that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." (2003)
译文：泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯”。（分译法，另起一句）
9. Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003)
译文：因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。（分译法，另起一句）
10. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.（2002)
译文：自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。（采用“…的…”结构）
11. But that Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."（2001)
译文：但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”（译作结果分句）
12. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.（1999)
译文：这种谬误在历史传统派和历史社科派中都存在。前者认为，历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各史料来源的评论；而后者则认为，历史的研究就是具体方法的研究。（替换法，打破原文的定语结构）
13. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.（1998）
译文：但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。（采用“…的…”结构）
14. Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. (1997)
译文：但事实上并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为假定前提，而这种共同认识并不存在。（译作转折分句）
15. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (1997)
产生这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。（分译法，另起一句）
III.思考与练习
一. 简要回答以下问题
（开放式提问，教师可根据教学的实际需要自行取舍）
二. 翻译练习
A.将下面的短文译成汉语，注意定语从句的译法。
这是一篇20世纪90年代的关于计算机芯片和电脑软件的飞速发展的新闻综述，共246字。文中多处涉及到定语从句的翻译，具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点提示及附录的参考译文。
B. 将下面的句子译成英语，注意定语成分的译法。
这段文字总共就两句话，176字，除了需要处理好定语结构之外，相关的科技词语也需要仔细斟酌。具体的翻译详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
第十三单元 翻译技巧11 状语从句 上下连贯
这一单元的教学重点是英语状语从句的翻译以及汉语偏正结构的翻译。做汉译英要学会添加必要的连接，习惯使用无生命的名词充当役使主语。
I. 翻译实例训练
英译汉 Why Measure Life in Heartbeats?
这篇文章摘选自20世纪90年代的一次全国性的韩素音翻译竞赛原文，共360字，文中多处地方都涉及到状语从句的处理方法。
【参考资料】Curling
Curling, winter sport in which players slide heavy granite stones down a sheet of ice at a circular target area. As the stone slides, teammates can sweep the ice in its path with brooms or brushes. This warms the ice a little, reducing friction and causing the stone to slide farther and straighter. Curling appears to be a simple game, but to master it players must learn complex strategies.
Curling matches, called bonspiels, are played between two teams of four players each. The game is most popular in Canada, where more than 1 million people participate. In more than 30 other countries, an estimated total of 100,000 curlers play the sport.
【参考资料】Bahamas
The Bahamas, officially Commonwealth of the Bahamas, independent country, a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, in the West Indies. The Bahamas comprise an archipelago of about 700 islands and islets and nearly 2,400 cays (pronounced “keys”) and rocks, extending for about 800 km (about 500 mi) from a point southeast of Palm Beach, Florida, to a point off the eastern tip of Cuba. The Biminis, the westernmost of the group, are about 97 km (about 60 mi) east of Miami, Florida. About 30 of the islands are inhabited. New Providence is economically the most important of the group and contains more than half of the Bahamas’ total population. The other chief islands, all of which are low-lying, include Acklins, Andros, Cat, Crooked, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, Abaco, Great Inagua, Harbour, Long, Mayaguana, and San Salvador (Watling). The area of the country is 13,939 sq km (5,382 sq mi).
The population of The Bahamas (2004 estimate) is 299,697; about 85 percent of the population is black. The country’s capital is Nassau (population, 1999, 214,000), on New Providence. The only other large town is Freeport (26,574), on Grand Bahama.
汉译英
人体与癌症
这段文字配合英译汉的癌症与生命的话题，介绍了人体细胞构成及癌细胞的形成。多处涉及汉语偏正结构的翻译。具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
II. 翻译技巧 状语从句 上下连贯
英语状语从句的翻译
英语状语从句根据功能的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的等状语从句，在英汉翻译时一般比较容易处理，不会构成翻译的主要障碍，关键在于怎样将其放入恰当的位置，怎样处理好句与句之间的衔接关系。如本单元实例训练中就有不少这样的状语从句：
如：
1. When I review these past few years, it seems in many ways that I have lived a lifetime since I acquired cancer.（时间状语从句）
回顾我得癌症后这几年，从许多方面来看，我似乎已经活了一辈子。
2. Although I had to restrict the size of my practice, I felt a closer empathy with my patients.（让步状语从句）
虽然我不得不限制自己的医务工作量，但我感到与病人更加心灵相通。
3. If one realizes that our time on this earth is but a tiny fraction of that within the cosmos, then life calculated in years may not be as important as we think.（条件状语从句）
倘若人们意识到人的一生只不过是宇宙的时间长河中转瞬即逝的一刹那，那么以岁月计算的生命就不会像我们所想象的那样重要了。
4. After I became ill, I embarked upon many things I had been putting off before.（时间状语从句）
患病以后，我着手做以前搁置下来的许多事情。
5. When I walked into the Intensive Care Unit there was an awesome feeling knowing I, too, had been a patient there.（时间状语从句）
每当我走进特别护理室，心里就会产生一种敬畏感，因为为知道自己也曾是他们当中的一员。
6. It gave me a feeling to see the sparkle in one patient’s eyes — a man with a total laryngectomy — when I asked if he would enjoy a cold beer and went to get him one.（时间状语从句）
一位病人做了喉切除手术，我问他是否想喝冰镇啤酒，并为他端来一杯。这时我看到他眼里闪耀着感激的神情，一股暖流顿时涌上我的心头。
7. When life is dependent on such an unreliable function as the beating of the heart, then it is fragile indeed.（条件状语从句）
要是生命依赖于心跳这样一种不可靠的功能，它的确脆弱不堪。
II. 汉语偏正复句的翻译
汉语虽然也有类似英语状语从句的结构，不叫做“状语从句”，类似英语带状语从句的复句叫做偏正复句，由正句（类似英语的主句）和各类关系句（偏句）组成，通常有因果关系、条件关系、转折关系、让步关系等偏句。其翻译的关键在于两点：一是分清轻重主次关系，因为汉语句与句之间往往没有明显的连接词语，句式衔接通过“意合”的机制来实现，讲究“不言而喻”，需要译者去潜心把握；二是学会使用无灵主语，因为英语大量地使用无灵名词充当役使主语，而汉语却没有这样的造句法。
1. 分清主次关系，添加必要的连接成分
她不老实，我不能信任她。Since she is not honest, I cannot trust her.（前半句为原因，后半句为结果，所以添加连词Since。）汉语的遣词造句讲究“不言而喻”，如果非要说成“因为她不老实，所以我不能信任她”，反而不妙，让人觉得讲话者很幼稚。
打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。If you get beyond your depth, you’ll suffer.（前半句为假设，后半句为后果，故添加连词If）。
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As you sow, so will you reap.（前半句为条件，后半句为结果，所以分别添加连词As 和so）。 注意此句不可照字面译作If you grow a melon, you get the melon; If you grow a bean, you reap the bean. 因为在讲英语的人看来，“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”似乎是天经地义的事，种瓜不得瓜，难道还能得个大元宝？种豆不得豆，难道还能得出别的什么东西？所以按英语的思维习惯，意译成“你种什么收什么”。
2. 使用无生命的名词充当役使主语
汉语的役使动词其主语往往是由人或动物来担当，而英语则可以用无灵名词充当役使主语，如：1949 saw the liberation of the Chinese people. 汉译英学会使用英语的这种造句法有助于简化译文的结构，将汉语的某些复合结构翻译成英语简单句。以教材P151的第1例句为例：
一看到那棵大树，我便会想起童年的情景。The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.
这句话能否译作As soon as I see… 这类句式呢？当然没问题，但是从准确和地道英语表达的角度看没有前一种译法好。因为as soon as这一句型多用在表达一次性的动作。那么用When I see the big tree I would…好不好？也不太妥，因为would这个词表示的是过去的习惯动作。汉语没有状语从句的说法，虽然也有类似的结构。其翻译的关键在于两点：一是分清轻重主次关系，因为汉语句与句之间往往没有明显的连接词语，句式衔接通过“意合”的机制来实现，讲究“不言而喻”，需要译者去潜心把握；二是学会使用无灵主语，因为英语大量地使用无灵名词充当役使主语，而汉语却没有这样的造句法。
III.思考与练习
一、简要回答以下问题
（开放式提问，教师可根据教学的实际需要自行取舍）
二、翻译练习
A.将下面的短文译成汉语，注意状语从句的翻译。
这是一篇关于地球生态的科普文章，共296字，多处涉及状语从句的翻译。具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
B.将下面的短文译成英语，注意状语结构的翻译。
这是一篇某校的学科发展的介绍，共175字，涉及汉语偏正结构的翻译处理。具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
第十四单元 翻译技巧12 长句翻译 嵌切拆插
这一单元的教学重点是英汉长句的翻译方法，在使学生了解和掌握一般长句翻译的基本步骤及方法的基础上，能够比较熟练地将这些方法用于翻译实践。
I. 翻译实例训练
英译汉Boys behind the Ambush
这是一篇关于美国的校园枪击案的新闻报道，事件发生在20世纪90年代，文章共315字。文中涉及英语长句的翻译，具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点提示及附录的参考译文。
【参考资料】关于Jonesboro
Jonesboro, city, a seat (with Lake City) of Craighead County, northeastern Arkansas, on Crowleys Ridge; incorporated 1883. It is a commercial and processing center of a farm area producing rice, cotton, soybeans, wheat, and livestock; one of the world's largest rice mills is here. Other manufactures include machinery, lighting fixtures, and printed materials. In the area is Arkansas State University (1909). Jonesboro was founded in 1859 as the seat of newly created Craighead County and named for William A. Jones, a state legislator. Population 31,530 (1980); 46,535 (1990); 56,888 (2002 estimate).
【参考资料】关于Bible Belt
The beginning of the 20th century saw the development of Fundamentalism, a conservative Protestant movement that crosses many denominational lines and emphasizes a literal interpretation of the Bible. Not as extreme as the Pentecostal movement, it forged a Bible Belt across the nation where Fundamentalism is widely practiced. This Bible Belt stretched from the upper South, through the southern plains, and into parts of California.
汉译英 教育思想的转变
这是段文字就一句话，很长，共183字，翻译处理需要将长句化短，分层次、按步骤地一一处理。具体的翻译处理详解参见课本所提供的难点注释及附录的参考译文。
II. 翻译技巧 长句翻译 嵌切拆插
英译汉长句翻译的基本步骤
相对而言，英语的句式结构普遍比汉语要长，有时候，英语的连环结构一环套一环，一个句子句中有句，长达数行，甚至数十行，这就给翻译造成了不小的困难。英译汉长句翻译的关键在于两点：一是对原文的准确理解，二是恰如其分的表达。对原文的理解包括这样几个方面：1.原作者的意旨何在？2.作者的论点及它们之间的逻辑关系怎样？3.句与句之间的语法关系如何，各个修饰成分之间的关系又怎样？……等等。对长句的理解需要具有一定的阅读能力，准确的表达则需要掌握各种翻译方法技巧。
课本所列举的长句翻译的实例分析是一个典型的长句处理的一般方法。全句共119词，由若干分句组成，其主干为一并列结构：It is … that seriously affect the quality…, wherein lies the reason for …(正是……严重影响了，故此有理由……) 其间夹杂了若干定语从句、状语从句等。翻译时我们采取层层剥茧法，先将全句划分成6部分，将其逐一翻译成单独的句子，然后打破原来的句子顺序，按汉语的表达习惯进行调整，组合通顺的成译文。具体的翻译方法及步骤参见课本相关章节。
1. 内嵌法
这种方法又叫“包孕法”，主要用于翻译英语的定语结构（包括用做定语的短语和从句），将英语的修饰成分译为汉语句“……的……”结构。其特点是能够保持原文的结构，句式连贯，一气呵成。
This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party.这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。
这种翻译方法偶尔也可用于翻译某些状语成分。如：
In 1970, he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast. 1970年他因拒绝使用武力大规模镇压沿海城市的工人骚乱而被软禁。
2. 切分法
切分法又叫做cutting，是翻译英语长句的最常见的方法，即将英语长句按意群切分为若干小句，然后再逐句翻译。这种译法的最大好处是能将复杂的结构化简，便于操作。如：
Plastics are made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.
原文有两层意思，一是塑料的成分，二是各种成分的来源。我们可以用类似提取公因数的方法，分别将water, coal和lime提出来放在第一句，然后将其部分切分为3句：
塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的方法开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。
3. 拆解法
这种方法是将原文中的某一部分（如单词、短语或从句）拆分出来单独处理，或放在译文句首，或放在句末。
1)拆解出单词
这种拆分主要用于表达作者对某一观点、行为或事件的看法和见解，如：
An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. 说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议。（将curiously拆解出来单独翻译）
The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about one in four.大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！（将incredible拆解出来单独翻译）
2)拆解出短语
这种拆分主要用于表达某一细节的描述，英语的一些短语夹在句子中间不便翻译，需要拆分出来另起一句，如：
The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、转球、保险球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成平局。他们看得简直入迷了。（将短语in a fascinated manner拆解出来另起一句）
3)拆解出从句或独立结构
这种拆分主要是从汉语习惯表达的需要，将英语的从句或独立结构拆分出来单独翻译，作为补充或说明，如：
This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacations, a land of magic and wonder. 这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观；而从前，精疲力竭的旅游者只能到此止步。
4. 插入标点法
这种方法是指插入原文中所没有的标点符号，如破折号、括号、冒号等。用这种方法可保持原文的连贯性。这3种标点符号，括号用于标明文中注释性质的话；破折号用于标明解释说明的语句；冒号则表示提示下文。
