只有十句话,我却看了十分钟

第一句

如果我们之间有1000步的距离　

你只要跨出第1步

我就会朝你的方向走其余的999步

第二句

通常愿意留下来跟你争吵的人　

才是真正爱你的人

第三句

付出真心　才会得到真心　

却也可能伤得彻底

保持距离　就能保护自己　

却也注定永远寂寞

第四句

有时候　不是对方不在乎你　

而是你把对方看得太重

第五句

朋友就是把你看透了　还能喜欢你的人

第六句

就算是believe　中间也藏了一个lie

第七句

真正的好朋友　

并不是在一起就有聊不完的话题

而是在一起　就算不说话　

也不会感到尴尬

第八句

没有一百分的另一半　

只有五十分的两个人

第九句

为你的难过而快乐的　是敌人

为你的快乐而快乐的　是朋友

为你的难过而难过的　

就是那些　该放进心里的人

第十句

冷漠　有时候并不是无情　

只是一种避免被伤害的工具

非谓语动词讲解

v非谓语动词分为三类：

v分词， 包括现在分词和过去分词

v现在分词--interesting surprising 

v过去分词--interested   surprised

v动名词-- running   waiting

v动词不定式 --to run  to wait

v他们具有名词和形容词的某些特征，因而可以做主语，表语，宾语，定语和状语。

非谓语动词

v要注意动名词和不定式作宾语时的区别：

v动名词和不定式都可以作动词的宾语，要注意哪些动词要求用不定式做宾语，哪些动词则要求用动名词作宾语。

非谓语动词---动词不定式

v要求用不定式作宾语的动词是：

vwant, wish, like, decide, help, begin, forget, learn, ask afford, agree, ask, attempt, begin, demand, desire, dislike, expect, hate, hope, learn, decide, seem, intend, try, refuse, manage, order, fail, choose, forget, mean, pretend, promise, seek, struggle,, venture, wait, 等等；

非谓语动词---动词不定式

vHe managed to pass the exam.

He persuaded me to accept the invitation.

He promised to be here at nine.

I didn’t expect to see you here.

在某些复合宾语中，常先用it代表不定式，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：

He considered it better to leave now.

I found it impossible to finish the work on time.

非谓语动词---动词不定式

v由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用作名词或代词的的宾语

vShe is always the first student to arrive at school.

vHe is always the last one to leave the office.

vI don’t think he is the best man to do the job.

vI have no desire to travel.

vYou’ll find something to interest you here.

vThere is no need to bother him with such trifles.

非谓语动词---动词不定式

v不带to 的动词不定式

v在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。例如：

vThe teacher makes me rewrite the composition.

vI heard her say that she was fed up.

非谓语动词----动名词

v动名词是由动词原形 + ing构成，在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语等。

v要求用动名词做宾语的动词是：

vmind, enjoy, miss, imagine, finish, suggest, risk, advise, deny, practise, require admit, acknowledge, appreciate, avoid can’t help, consider, dislike, excuse, favor, finish, give up,  keep on, miss, postpone, put off,  stop, look forward to,  object to, be accustomed to, be used to doing, succeed in, look like, feel like, insist on, stick to,  persist in, 等等。

非谓语动词----动名词

v例如：

Some people do not enjoy smoking.

Because of the bad weather, we postpone holding the meeting.

非谓语动词----动名词

v某些固定结构（动名词特殊用法）

v(1)There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。例如：

vThere is no knowing how old she is.

v(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)

vThere is no telling where she’s gone.

v(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she’s gone.)

v(2)make a point of + doing “认为…是必要的”。例如：

vOur family make a point of going to church every Sunday.

v(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)

v(3)be on the point / verge/ brink of + doing “濒临，将要…”。例如：

vHe was on the point of leaving.

v(4)on (upon) + doing “一…就…”。例如：

vOn hearing the news, I changed my plans.

v(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)

v(5)it is no use / good + doing “…是没有用的”，there is no point in doing sth “…是没必要的”。例如：

vIt is no use trying to persuade him. (= It is of no use to try to persuade him.)

vThere is no point in telling her this news. (= It is not necessary to tell her the news.)

v(6)go + doing (大部分指运动和游戏)。例如：

vHe went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.

v(7)动名词短语常用在以下结构中：

vhave difficulty (in) + doing sth

vhave trouble (in) + doing sth

vhave fun (in) + doing sth

vhave a good time (in) + doing sth

vhave a hard time (in) + doing sth

v例1：We have great difficulty (in) solving the problem.

v例2：They had problem getting there.

非谓语动词

v在学习和使用非谓语动词时需要注意以下几点：

v要注意现在分词和过去分词作状语时的不同：现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。试比较：

vWhen living abroad, he wrote many letters to his family and friends.

vWhen heated, the ice will change into water.

非谓语动词

v要注意不定式和分词作宾语补足语的不同：

v在感官动词（see, watch, hear, feel, notice等）后既可用不带to 的不定式做宾语补语，也可用现在分词做宾补。两者中间有时是有差别的。用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生，用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作全部结束了。例如：

v  A: Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

v  B: Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

非谓语动词

v不定式和分词作定语时的区别，不定式作定语时，不定式和所修饰的名词在意义上有动宾关系，因此，如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就应有必要的介词。如果是分词作定语, 则被修饰的名词和分词之间有主谓关系。例如：

vGive me a piece of paper to write on.

vAll of us look forward to the coming holiday.

非谓语动词

v5. 动名词和不定式做主语和表语时的区别。一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般的行为时，多用动名词， 表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。例如：

vReading without thorough comprehension is no good.

vIt is quite necessary to read it many times.

初中英语语法(时态)

11.1 一般现在时的用法

1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3） 表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。



返回动词的时态目录

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：

Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。

would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）

Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）

注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：

Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？

I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2）情态动词 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？



返回动词的时态目录

11.3 used to / be used to

used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：

Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。

be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：

He is used to a vegetarian diet.

Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。

典型例题

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.

A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't

答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。



返回动词的时态目录

11.4 一般将来时

1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？

2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。





返回动词的时态目录

11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如：

If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.



返回动词的时态目录

11.6 be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）



返回动词的时态目录

11.7 一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。

2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。

3）在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。

4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：

I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。



返回动词的时态目录

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？



返回动词的时态目录

11.9 现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。



返回动词的时态目录

11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。

共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）

I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）

Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）

He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）

He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.



返回动词的时态目录

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：

This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

典型例题

（1） ---Do you know our town at all?

---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.

（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.



返回动词的时态目录

11.12 比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.



返回动词的时态目录

11.13 since的四种用法

1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：

I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。

2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：

I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。

3） since +从句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。

Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。

4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。



返回动词的时态目录

11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词

1） 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：

He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）

I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）

2） 用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。

典型例题

1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。



返回动词的时态目录

11.15 过去完成时

1） 概念：表示过去的过去

----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前 那时 现在

2） 用法

a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：

She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。

3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left

答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。

注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。

had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。



返回动词的时态目录

11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时

1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。

2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.



返回动词的时态目录

11.17 将来完成时

1） 构成will have done

2） 概念

a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。



返回动词的时态目录

11.18 现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法：

a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：

We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：

Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）

c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：

The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。



返回动词的时态目录

11.19 不用进行时的动词

1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。

This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。

2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。

He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。

3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：

I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。

4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：

You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。



返回动词的时态目录

11.20 过去进行时

1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。

3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。

It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。

典型例题

1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes

答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。

2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick

初中英语语法练习动词时态专项训练

一、用所给词的适当形式填空：
1．He______swimming in the river every day in summer. (go)
2.It________you are right. ( seem )
3.Look, the children______  basketball on the playground. ( play )
4.He______to the radio when I came in, ( listen )
5.It is very cold .I think it______ . ( rain )
6. —I need some paper .           —I______ some for you . ( bring )
7.I can’t find my pen . Who______it ? ( take )
8.He said that he______back in five minutes . ( come )
9.I didn’t meet him. He______ when I got there. ( leave )
10.I______my bike, so I have to walk to school. ( lose )
11.He______down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit )
12.He is very hungry. He_________ anything for three days. ( not eat )
13.I______with you if I have time . ( go )
14.We will go to the cinema if it______fine . (be )
15.I will tell her the news when she______to see me next week. (come)
16. “ When______you______the car ?”     “ In 1998 . ”( buy )
17.We______good friends since we met at school . （be）
18.What______you______ at five yesterday afternoon ? (do)
19.The bike is nice . How much______it______? (cost)

二、选择最佳答案填空
（   ）1.We’ll go swimming if the weather______fine tomorrow.
A. is          B.was        C. will be         D.is going to be
（   ）2.It______five years since he has left for Beijing.
A. was      B. has been            C.is            D.is going to be
（   ）3.Please don’t leave the office until your friend______back.
A.came         B.comes         C.have come        D.will come
（   ）4.By the end of last year he______about 1500 English words.
A. learns        B.learned       C.was learning     D.had learned
（   ）5.Listen ! Someone______in the next room .
A.cried           B.crying     C.is crying     D.has cried
（   ）6.You must tell him the news as soon as you______him.
A.see          B.sees        C.will see         D.is seeing
（   ）7.He told me that he______to see us the next day.
A.comes     B. came    C. will come         D. would come
（   ）8.We can’t find him anywhere . Perhaps he______home.
A. is going         B. went          C. has come         D. would come
（   ）9.The teacher told us that the sun______bigger than the earth.
A. is      B. was       C. has been        D.will be
（   ）10.Could you tell me where the railway station______?
A. was      B. is       C. will be     D. would be
（   ）11.We______to the Great Wall several times.
A. go    B. were going        C. have gone     D.have been
（   ）12.It seemed that the old man______for something over there.
A. looks     B. looked           C. was looking        D. has looked
（   ）13.He was sure that he______his wallet in the office .
A. left         B. would leave        C. had left        D. has left
（   ）14.You must study hard if you______ want to fail the exam.
A. won’t         B. don’t         C. haven’t          D. hadn’t
（   ）15. —I’m afraid you can’t sit here .    —Sorry , I______know.
A. don’t    B. won’t            C. can’t            D. didn’t
（   ）16. As she______the newspaper , Granny______asleep.
A. read , was falling           B. fell         C. was reading , was falling    D.read , fell

（   ）17. —Jim is not coming tonight .           —But he______ !
A. promises（许诺）        B. promised           C. will promise        D. had promised
（   ）18. —What’s her name?          —I______.
A. forget          B. forgot      C. had forgotten          D. am forgetting

三、动词时态能力综合测试
（   ）1.He often______his clothes on Sundays.
A. washing            B. washes         C. has washed          D. wash
（   ）2.I’m Chinese. Where______from?
A. do you come          B. you are coming      C. you come         D. are you coming
（   ）3.May______to school.
A. never walks         B. is never walking         C. walk never        D. never is walking
（   ）4.We will start as soon as our teacher______ .
A. comes        B. will come       C. come            D. is coming
（   ）5.How long ago______playing football?
A. have you stopped           B. had you stopped          C. did you stop           D. do you stop
（   ）6.It______ hard when I left my house .
A. is raining           B. rains          C. was raining         D. will rain
（   ）7.I think this question______to answer.
A. easy       B. is easy         C. was easy      D. will easy
（   ）8. Don’t talk so loudly . Your father______.
A. sleeps     B. is sleeping            C. slept             D. had slept
（   ）9.How many people does the doctor know who______of the disease (疾病)？
A. are dying             B. is dying           C. has died                   D. dies
（   ）10.I______my homework now.
A. finish             B. finished            C. have finished             D. had finished
（   ）11.He______for three years.
A. has joined     B. has been in the army      C. joined             D. has served the army
（   ）12.His grandfather______for thirty years.
A. died      B. was dead       C. has been dead            D. has died
（   ）13.I______ from my brother for a long time.
A. not have heard         B. have not heard    C. have heard not              D. do not hear
（   ）14.Maths, one of the most important subjects, ______always interested him.
A. has         B. have       C. are        D. is
（   ）15.—Did your brother go to America last year?           —______.
A. No , he did never go there               B. No , he has never gone here
C. No , he never was there               D. No , he’s never been there
（   ）16.He______ that factory since 1958.
A. has left             B. has worked in        C. has gone from          D. has come to
    C. have happened        D. are taken place
（   ）17.Our teacher______to Beijing three times.
A. went         B. had gone          C. has gone         D. has been
（   ）18.Last week John______his leg.
A. felt and broken         B. fell and broke          C. feels and breaks        D. fallen and broken
（   ）19.Jack______his thick coat because it was snowing.
A. puts on            B. put on       C. takes on      D. took on
（   ）20.He______the picture on the wall.
A. hanged                B. hung        C. has hanged          D. was hanged
（   ）21.Next month______twenty five.
A. has my sister      B. my sister will be       C. my sister shall have       D. my sister is going to be
（   ）22.You______her again in a few weeks.
A. will see        B. have seen       C. had seen         D. have been seen
（   ）23. By the end of last term we______English for two years.
A. have studied  B. have been studied        C. would studied          D. had studied
（   ）24.Mrs Brown______in New York for three years before she went to London.
A. lived       B. had lived             C. has lived          D. will live
（   ）25.When we arrived , the dinner______.
A. already began         B. has already begun           C. had already begun          D. was just begun
（   ）26.I will go home for the holiday as soon as I______ my exams.
A. will finish         B. finish              C. finishing          D. finished
（   ）27.When______, I’ll talk to him.
A. does Peter come          B. Peter will come      C. Peter comes         D. can Peter come
（   ）28.My sister______to see me . She’ll be here soon.
A. comes          B. is coming         C. had come          D. came
（   ）29.They said they______our answer the next day .
A. had heard             B. would hear of         C. would hear     D. will hear
（   ）30.The old man said that light______faster than sound.
A. went           B. will go            C. travels            D. will travel

答案：
一、1.　goes  2. seems  3. are playing   4. was listening  5. is raining   6. will bring    7. took    8. would come  9. has left   10.lost   11. sat   12. hasn't eaten     13. will go    14. is   15. comes   16. did buy   17. have been    18.  were doing   19. does cost
二、1. A   2.  B    3. B    4. D    5. C     6. A    7. D   8. C   9. A  10. B  11. D 12. C 13.  C  14. B 15. A　　16.A　　17.　B　18.　A　
三、1. B    2. A    3. A    4. A    5. C   6. C   7. B   8. C  9. A  10. C  11. B  12. C 13. B 14. D  15. D  16. B  17. D 18. A    19. B    20. A    21. B    22. A   23. B   24. B   25. C   26. B   27. C    28. B   29. C  30. C

初中英语语法训练-----非谓语动词(无答案)

基本型
用非谓语动词的适当形式填空：
1. The best time __________ (plant) trees is in spring.
2. Satellites are used for ________ (learn) more about the earth.
3. He finishes __________ (wash) at eight o’clock in the evening.
4. You’ve worked for 4 hours. Please stop _______ (have) a rest.
5. She often makes us _______(do) a lot of homework after school.
6. Mother always tell me __________ (not read) in bed.
7. They asked the headmaster _________(speak) at the meeting.
8. __________ (smoke) too much is bad for your health.
9. the baby was made __________ (laugh) by Tom.
10. Thank you for __________ (come) to see me.
用非谓语动词完成下列各句：
11. I want __________ (看) a film, __________ (而不是看) TV.
12. Did you see her _______________ (下了还是上了) the bus?
13. I’m thirsty. I’d like something __________ (喝).
14. It’s very important __________ (学) a foreign language well.
15. The old man found it difficult __________ (入睡).
The runner fell, but he quickly got up and went on __________ (跑).
Remember __________ (关) the lights when you leave the classroom.
Stop __________ (谈话), please. It’s time __________(上课).
It took me two hours __________ (完成) my homework last night.
I spent two hours __________(做) my homework last night.
提　高　型
 1. I have a lot of things _____ this weekend.(1999上海)
A. doB. didC. doingD. to do
2. You’d better _____ upstairs and tell the children_____ make so much noise.
A. go; not toB. go; don’tC. to go; not toD. to go; don’t
3. Lily likes _____ the clothes of light colour.(1999甘肃)
A. to put onB. puttingC. to dressD. wearing
4. It’s too late. Why _____ now?(1999新疆)
A. not to goB. not goingC. not goD. don’t go
5. Please don’t forget _____ to me, will you?(1998重庆)
A. to writeB. writingC. write
6. When I’m tired, I enjoy _____ music.(1999云南)
A. listeningB. listening toC. to hearD. hearing the
7. Linda was very sorry for being late.
But the teacher’s smile made her _____ better.
A. feelB. to feelC. fallD. to fall
8. I heard Mother _____ with Father in the next room at ten last night. (1998重庆)
A. talkB. talkingC. to talkD. is talking
9. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _____ the earth away. (1998辽宁)
A. blowB. to blowC. blowingD. blew
10. –Did the teacher tell you _____ this afternoon?(1998河北)
-Yes. We’ll go to visit the Science Museum.
A. to go whereB. how to do
C. what to doD. to do what
11. We are not sure _____.(1998广东)
A. when to leaveB. when leaveC. when leaves
12. Meimei went _____ Kate with her Chinese.(1997天津)
A. helpB. to helpC. helped D. helping
13. _____ is bad for our health.(1997河南)
A. Doing eye exercisesB. Go to bed early
C. Eating too muchD. Taking a walk
14. Wu Dong is good at _____ English.(1997吉林)
A. speakB. speaksC. speakingD. spoke
15. The old woman was _____ tired _____ go any farther.(四川)
A. too; toB. go; asC. very; to
16. Would you please _____ drop your shoes on the floor at night?
A. not toB. notC. don’tD. won’t
17. Most of the children enjoy _____ computer games.
A. playB. playingC. playedD. to play
She should do her homework now. But she doesn’t feel like _____ it.
A. doesB. doC. doingD. to do
Uncle Wang can make his kite _____ higher in the sky.
A. flyB. fliesC. to flyD. flying
You’d better _____ the cinema by bus.
A. don’t goB. to goC. to go toD. go to
综合型
1. Her wish is _____ a famous singer.
A. becomeB. becameC. becomesD. to become
2. Our monitor is always ready _____ others.
A. helpB. helpsC. to helpD. helping
3. Have you decided _____ for your holidays?
A. go whereB. where to goC. to go whereD. where go
4. Would you please _____ me a chair _____?
A. give; to sit onB. give; to sit
C. giving; sitD. to give; sit on
5. There id no difference between the two words. I really don’t know _____.
A. what to chooseB. which to choose
C. to choose whichD. to choose what
6. Though he had often made his sister _____, today he was made _____ by his sister.
A. cry; cryingB. crying; cryingC. cry; to cryD. to cry; cry
7. –Why are you going shopping if you don’t _____?
-My wife wants _____ with her.
A. want to; I goB. want; me goingC. want to; me to goD. want; to go
8. We are often told _____ people in trouble.
A. to smilingB. not to smileC. to laughD. not to laugh at
9. You look so tired. Why not _____ a rest?
A. stop havingB. to stop haveC. stop to haveD. to stop to have
10. What a fine day! How about _____ out for a walk?
A. goB. to goC. goneD. going
11. Mary went _____ after she finished _____ her work.
. swim; doingB. to swim; to doC. to swim; doingD. swimming; to do
12. Would you mind _____ the window, please? It’s cold outside.
A. to closeB. closingC. closedD. close
13. A fridge is used for _____ vegetable and food cool.
A. keptB. keepingC. to keepD. keeps
14. The farmers on the farm are busy _____ apples on the trees.
A. pickingB. to pickC. pickD. picked
15. One day when Edison was five years old, his father saw him _____ some eggs.
A. satB. to sitC. sittingD. was sitting
16. She has no paper ____(2000重庆)
A. to writeB. to write withC. writing onD. to write on
17. When class began, we stopped _____ to the teacher carefully.
A. listeningB. listenC. listensD. to listen
18. There are so many kinds of radios in the shop. I can’t decide ____
A.to buy whatB. to buy which C. what to buyD. which to buy
–Do you often hear John _____ in his room?
-Listen! Now we can hear him _____ in his room.
A.sing; to singB. singing; singingC. sing; singingD. to sing; singing
I usually forget _____ the door, but I remembered _____ it when I left yesterday.
A. closing; closingB. to close; to close
C. closing; to close D. to close; closing
On June 1, boys and girls are busy _____.(2003汕头)
A. to celebrate Children’s DayB. to celebrate Childrens’ Day
C. celebrating Children’s DayD. celebrating Childrens’ Day

赤小豆功效的浅说

赤小豆功效的浅说

红豆Aduki Bean，富含淀粉，因此又被人们称为“饭豆”，它具有“津津液、利小便、消胀、除肿、止吐”的功能，被李时珍称为“心之谷”。赤小豆是人们生活中不可缺少的高营养、多功能的杂粮。为豆科植物赤小豆或赤豆干燥成熟的种子，秋季果实成熟而未开裂时收获。主产于广东、广西、江西等地。

又称相思豆，煮熟后会变得非常柔软，而且有着不同寻常的甜味，风味相当强。红豆原产于中国，是一种一年生灌木的种子，由于具有医疗效用，所以在远东一带颇受重视，数千年来一直将它加入米饭及汤里食用。也由于它们的甜度，所以红豆在东方甜食里是一种常见的材料。

营养简介

1.       赤小豆含有较多的皂角甙，可刺激肠道，因此它有良好的利尿作用，能解酒、解毒，对心脏病和肾病、水肿有益；

2.       赤小豆有较多的膳食纤维，具有良好的润肠通便、降血压、降血脂、调节血糖、解毒抗癌、预防结石、健美减肥的作用；

3.       赤小豆是富含叶酸的食物，产妇、乳母多吃红小豆有催乳的功效。

一般人群均可食用

1. 适宜各类型水肿之人，包括肾脏性水肿、心脏性水肿、肝硬化腹水、营养不良性水肿等，如能配合乌鱼、鲤鱼或黄母鸡同食，消肿力更好；适宜产后缺奶和产后浮肿，可单用赤小豆煎汤喝或煮粥食；适宜肥胖症之人食用；

2. 赤小豆能通利水道，故尿多之人忌食；蛇咬伤者，忌食百日。

相生与相克关系

鲤鱼与红豆同煮，两者均能利水消肿，在用于治疗肾炎水肿的时候效果很好,但是正是因为利水功能太强，正常人应避免同时食用二者，尽量隔几个小时再食，是否可以同食因人的体质不同而异。

常规食用制作

赤小豆宜与其他谷类食品混合食用，一般制成豆沙包，豆饭或豆粥，是科学的食用方法。

食疗作用

赤小豆性平、味甘、酸、归心、小肠经；

具有健脾利水，解毒消痈，消利湿热的作用。

其他相关

《食疗本草》：和鲤鱼煮烂食之，甚治脚气及大腹水肿。

《食性本草》：赤小豆坚筋骨，抽肌肉，久食瘦人。

《产书方》：下乳汁，煮赤小豆取汁饮。

《本草纲目》：通乳汁，和鲤鱼、鲫鱼、黄雌鸡煮食。

《食性本草》：久食瘦人。

《本草新编》：赤小豆，可暂用以利水，而不可久用以渗湿。湿症多属气虚，气虚利水，转利转虚而湿愈不能去矣，况赤小豆专 利下身之水而不能利上身之湿。盖下身之湿真湿也，用之而有效；上身之湿，虚湿也，用之而益甚，不可不辨。

《本草纲目》：赤小豆，其性下行，久服则降令太过，津液渗泄，所以令肌瘦身重也。

《随息居饮食谱》：赤小豆，蛇咬者百日内忌之。

《韩非子》称赤菽，《急就篇》称小豆，《神农本草经》称赤小豆，《本草纲目》称红豆；还有红小豆等异称。

编辑信息来源网络

女人最需要的5种食物

女人最需要的5种食物

1. 紫菜

紫菜除了含有丰富的维他命a、b1及b2，最重要的就是它蕴含丰富纤维素及矿物，可以帮助排走身体内之废物及积聚的水分，从而收瘦腿之效。

2. 芝麻

芝麻它的「亚麻仁油酸」可以去除附在血管内的胆固醇，令新陈代谢更好，减肥收腿就轻松得多。

3. 香蕉

香蕉虽然卡路里很高，但脂肪却很低，而且含有丰富钾，又饱肚又低脂，可减少脂肪在下身积聚，是减肥时候的理想食品。

4. 苹果

苹果含独有的苹果酸，可以加速代谢，减少下身的脂肪，而且它含的钙量比其它水果丰富，可减少令人下身水肿的盐分。

5. 红豆

红豆所含的石酸成分可以增加大肠的蠕动，促进排尿及减少便秘，从而清除下身脂肪。

备注：

编辑信息来源网络

作者：白菜帮子

吃素的十大好处

1)益寿延年。根据营养学家研究，素食者比非素食者更能长命。巴基斯坦北部的浑匝人和墨西哥中部的印第安人，都是原始的素食主义民族，平均寿命极高。令人称羡。佛教的僧、基督教复临安息日会教友，因素食而享高寿。
2)体重较轻。素食者比肉食者的体重较轻，因较少不必要的赘肉之故。
3)降低胆固醇含量。
4)减少患癌症机会。某些研究指出，肉食与结肠癌有相当密切的关系。
5)较无寄生虫之类。条虫及其它好几种寄生虫，都是经由受感染的肉类而辗转寄生到人体上的。
6)减少肾脏负担。各种高等动物和人体内的废物，经由血液带至肾脏。肉食者所食用的肉类中，一旦含有动物血液时，更加重了肾脏的负担。
7)易于储藏。植物性蛋白质通常比动物性的蛋白质更易于储存。
8)价格低廉。植物性蛋白质比肉类便宜。
9)合乎生态原理。生产一磅牛肉所需的土地，可生产十磅的植物性蛋白质。许多生态学家预言，人口爆炸将迫使全世界不得不吃素。
10)富于变化。素食的家庭主妇往往发现，利用植物性蛋白质，比利用一般肉类更能烧出色香味俱绝的佳肴，而制作方法也富于变化，更能引起良好的食欲。

20种不能混吃的食物

1. 猪肉*菱角-------肚子痛

2. 牛肉*栗子-------引起呕吐

3. 羊肉*西瓜-------伤元气

4. 狗肉*绿豆------会中毒

5. 兔肉*芹菜------脱发

6. 鸡肉*芹菜------伤元气

7. 鹅肉*鸡蛋-------伤元气

8. 甲鱼*苋菜--------会中毒

9. 鲤鱼*甘草------会中毒

10. 螃蟹*柿子------腹泻

11. 白酒*柿子------会胸闷

12. 红薯*柿子-----会得结石

13. 糖精(片)*鸡蛋-----会中毒、重则死亡

14. 红糖*皮蛋------会中毒

15. 洋葱*蜂蜜--------伤眼睛

16. 豆腐*蜂蜜--------耳聋

17. 萝卜*木耳------皮炎

18. 马铃薯*香蕉-------面部生斑

19. 芋头*香蕉---------腹胀

20. 花生*黄瓜---------会伤身

教育孩子的十二种方法

引用

西汪 的 引用 教育孩子的十二种方法

引用

蓝天 的 教育孩子的十二种方法
     

    俗话说，养不教，父之过现代家庭对于孩子不管是在精神还是物质上均投入极多可以说，每一个好孩子都是父母的得意之作在提倡素质教育的今天，孩子的素质更多的是出自家庭而不是学校

    然而，教育孩子不是一件凭本能就可以做好的事情，它是一件意义重大困难重重而又趣味盎然的事情，为人父母者完全值得多花一些时间和精力 ，首先把自己变成明明白白的好父母，如此，教子便能事半功倍

    这里介绍了有效的教子方法，包括暗示教子法夸奖教子法对照教子法逆反教子法松弛教子法介入教子法冷却教子法诱导教子法沉默教子法遥控教子法磨炼教子法表率教子法等十二种方法如下

     第一 夸奖教子法

1.表示认同的技巧，持续不断的奖励，制造奖励的机会 ，真实诚恳最重要，选择适当的奖励赞美词句

2.夸奖的尺度，把奖赏当做贿赂，别想买动孩子的心，不要言过其实

3.适当的奖励 ，提供正面的诱因 ，不要吝啬你的赞美 ，有形的物质奖励

     第二逆反教子法

1．事情不要做得过火，不必要的同情，给孩子悲伤的权利，不要过度紧张和关心，避免过度保护

2．激起孩子的斗志，让孩子尝试失败的滋味，让孩子承担一些责任，家长要有点幽默感

3．把希望展开来，不要轻易否定孩子的意见，不要否定孩子将来的发展，为孩子量身定做教育计划 ，有必要的就必须坚持

     第三 暗示教子法

1．杜绝冲突，退避的技巧 ，避免错误的惩罚与奖赏 ，响鼓不用重锤 ，避免引发权力之争

2．行为暗示的表达方式，体态语言的暗示，动作语言的暗示，语言行为的暗示

3．适时表达自己的观点，适时的刺激，正确引导孩子遵守规则，诱导孩子尊重他人的权利，不可过分迁就孩子 ，让孩子接受惩罚

     第四 对照教子法

1．一步一步地来 ，选好对照人，不要将梦想强加给孩子，尊重孩子的意愿

2．告诉孩子你也能行，不要浇灭孩子的勇气，不要进行无谓的比较，正确对待孩子的要求

3．打消孩子心中的疑虑，帮助孩子正确评价自己，帮助孩子学会竞争，帮助孩子克服羞怯

     第五 表率教子法

1.父母是最好的老师，给孩子树立好榜样，教导孩子学会辨别是非，肯定孩子的行为

2.不要老是端着架子，注意你说话的语气，尊重孩子的想法，表明自己的立场

3.时刻注意自己的言行，不要忘记道歉，传达正确的信息，你有时也会出错

     第六 磨炼教子法

1．让孩子懂得生活的艰辛，自己的事情自己做，培养孩子的巧手，让孩子参与做家务

2．目标的功效，让孩子学会努力，把梦想告诉孩子，改变孩子的懦弱性格，培养孩子要言出必行

3．挫折是成功的垫脚石，彻底抛弃关怀强迫症，给孩子适当的体罚，正确对待有危险的事物，培养孩子勤劳俭朴的习惯

    第七遥控教子法

1．告诉孩子方向就行了，鼓励孩子独立，让孩子自己动手，更正孩子的错误目标

2．培养孩子的习惯，严格的生活制度，维持每天例行的作息表，训练孩子的自制力

3金钱教育，培养孩子的理财能力，教会孩子如何存钱，让孩子明智消费

    第八沉默教子法

1学会倾听，聆听孩子的心声，和孩子亲切交谈，承认孩子的看法，了解你的孩子

2．不要随意发表意见，不要卷入孩子之间的争吵，让孩子自己决定，不要多管闲事

3．学会拒绝，勇敢地对孩子谢不，避免给予不当的关注，塑造孩子的个性

     第九诱导教子法

1．让孩子找到自己的价值，正确的报偿心态，什么时候也不能失信

2．孩子犯错后的引导，正确与孩子沟通，诱导孩子切勿吹毛求疵，真诚关怀孩子的过失，了解孩子犯错的原因 ，勿视小错为大过

3．培养孩子学习工作的动力，给孩子点上一把火，鼓励孩子尝试新鲜事物，帮助孩子解决压力

     第十松弛教子法

1．给孩子一点自己的空间，尊重孩子长大，给孩子一个自由的空间，给孩子一些隐私权

2．让孩子活得更轻松，对孩子多一点宽容，让孩子学会自我欣赏，不要死守原则

3．快乐学习和快乐生活，培养孩子的快乐情绪，玩是孩子的天性，尊重孩子的兴趣，重视孩子的情感需要

     第十一介入教子法

l全民动员起来，要有切实的行动 ，陪在孩子身边，外人一句胜过父母十句

2．把孩子当做朋友，以孩子的眼光看问题，让孩子能接受你的指示和引导，与孩子同乐，尊重孩子的自主权

3．掌握介入的权限，创造平等和民主的氛围，避免命令的口吻，不要被孩子的泪水软化，夫妇对孩子态度一致

     第十二冷却教子法

1．给孩子留一点面子，时间能化解矛盾，不要宣扬孩子的过错，用冷静的态度处理事情，不要伤害孩子的自尊心

2．让孩子知道你的苦衷，让孩子了解你的感受，控制自己的情绪，不做唠叨的父母

3．赢得孩子的合作，以鼓舞和赞美赢得合作，合作不是服从权威，学会为团体着想，尽量使孩子自动合作

四句养生决

四多：多步行，多欢笑，多饮水，多动脑

四远：远攀比，远牢骚，远悔恨，远愤怒

四忘：忘年龄，忘名利，忘怨仇，忘疾病

四不：饮不过多，食不过饱，冬不极温，夏不极凉

四要：要节饮食，要慎风寒，要惜精神，要戒嫃怒

四伴：一书为伴，意艺为伴，已友为伴，已游为伴

四勿：食勿言，寝勿语，色勿迷，饮勿醉

四乐：奉献是乐，助人为乐，读书最乐，知足常乐

四快乐:远动快乐，读书快乐，旅游快乐，交友快乐

四讲：讲道德，讲素质，讲保养，讲营养

四气：志气正气才气勇气

四为：五谷（米麦豆薯等粮食）为养，五果（鲜果干果坚果等果实）为助，五蓄（鱼肉蛋奶等动物性食物）为益，五菜（各色蔬菜）为充

四吃：吃的粗，吃得苦，吃的亏，吃得消

四当：无事以当贵，早寝以当富，安步以当车，晚食以当肉