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翻译技巧1

英语学习 2007-12-06 15:14:38 阅读581 评论0 字号:

 

翻译技巧

                         第一讲 汉译英的特点和步骤

一、汉译英的特点和基本程序阿

1 汉译英都是短文翻译,而作为基础则需要从句子开始.

2 汉译英题目的测试点:在于测试考生对英语常用词汇、习惯用法和句子结构的掌握情况。同时还要测试考生将汉语短文转换为英语时对上下文的理解。表达原文的连贯性、完整性、以及行文流畅的能力。

3 汉译英基本程序-句子翻译

3.1 阅读

通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子,分析原文汉语句子的风格、逻辑和句型。

a) 风格:正式还是非正式

b) 逻辑:短语和短语之间的逻辑关系

c) 句型:分析汉语句型,因为汉语句型和英语句型有着特定的对应关系。

例子:现在必须采取措施来保护环境(表目的)

分析:找主语->无主语,也就是无主句

u 无主语:对应英文三种句型:形式主语、there be句型、被动句型。

例句:必须采取措施保护环境。

1. 形式主语: It is necessary..., It is essential...

It is necessary to take measures to protect the environment.(不定式表目的).

“必须”:essential, imperative。能用高级词汇就用高级词汇。

It is imperative to adopt measures to protect environment.

2. there be 句型

There is necessity to adopt measures to protect the environment.

3. 被动句型(找被动句型的主语-:措施)

Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment.

4. 特殊句型:是到做某事的时候了

It is time to do sth.... 是到做某事的时候了

It is high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.

使用从句,从句使用虚拟语气,动词用一般过去时

It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment.

3.2 确定句型、结构

1) 确定基准事态,能够避免犯大的语法错误

比如:记叙文――[一般过去时,以及他的变化]

  议论文、说明文――一般现在时

2) 确定主语、定句型、结构、定修饰语(定、状、补)位置

在理解基础上变换原文汉语句子的说法和词序的过程,即汉英两种语言表达方式的转换过程.

3) 译文句子的组织、表达

3.3 审校

这是不可缺少的一个重要环节,一定要对照原文,首先检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的内容,是否有错译和漏译;其次,检查是否有语言上的明显错误,如:时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等,发现错误,及时改正。动词上的错误永远是大错

原则一:每写一个动词,要考虑它的形态

4 短文翻译步骤

1. 通读并透彻理解原文汉语短文,分析原文汉语短文的风格、逻辑。(如中心意思,以及逻辑关系)

2. 单句翻译程序(去掉审校程序)同时考虑上下文,明确逻辑关系,添加合适的连接结构,并避免句式重复,长短句结合。

原则二:落笔写每句话之前,考虑使用连接词和连接结构的必要性

3. 全文审校

进行各单句审校的同时,检查译文全文的风格、逻辑是否与原文吻合。

5 汉译英应试原则

1. 内容忠实原文。我们采用直译和意译的结合,偏重于直译。适当发挥,不要过分发挥。

2. 要有闪光点:复杂的句型结构,高级词汇

复杂的句型结构:强调句、倒装句、独立主格结构、分词结构、it句型、被动句、固定结构

固定结构: too...to........;

so.......that.........;

such.....that........;

both........and.......;

and........as well.....;

such....as.......;

not......until........;

表示目的: in order to.......;

in order that........;

so as to........;

it句型:

高级词汇:

转折:but conj, however, yet(把这三个词都忘掉),nevertheless adv./, nonetheless adv./, whereas conj.

用法:第一句话,however….是错误的,however一般用作副词,后加逗号

第一句话。Nevertheless+第二句话。/第一句话;nevertheless+第二句话。

【补充】:whereas  conj. 然而, 反之, 鉴于, 尽管, 但是

Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.

有些人喜欢肥肉,相反有些人讨厌肥肉。

大概:about, roughly,approximately

阅卷程序:(1)根据第一印象给个基础分(2)文章中的闪光点及错误适当加减分得出最终分

          (1)第一印象非常重要,卷面要整齐(2)文章要有闪光点

大错:漏译、错译、句子结构错误、动词错误、时态语态错误、第三人称单数动词错误。

小错:名词单复数、拼写错误、大小写错误、标点符号错误。

大错扣一分,小错两到三个扣一分

3. 保持原文风格:注意口语和书面语的区分

非常:pretty, very, extremely, especially, particularly

这个事情非常好。口语:It’s pretty good.

4. 符合英语表达习惯

地道:用词和句式

6 一些例子:

原文:加快经济改革的步伐(加快,speed up, quicken, accelerate)

译文:accelerate the economic reform(不加pace) .

accelerate: to increase the pace or process of sth(英文解释)

原文:我们伟大的祖国在去年取得了农业大丰收。

译文:Last year, our great fatherland(比motherland 更加地道) achieved/accomplished(gain可以但表现不出艰辛,忘掉get) a good harvest(只能指农业上的丰收).

Wish you a pleasant journey!祝你旅途愉快!:wish+直接宾语(人)+简介宾语

原文:预祝21届大运会圆满成功

错误:We wish the 21st universiade complete a success.

Wish:祝你旅途愉快!Wish you a pleasant journey! (smooth也可以)

Wish vt.+间接宾语(只能是人)+直接宾语;

wish v. +从句(that)

That在定语从句和宾语从句中可省略,在正式语言中不省略

修改1:Wish that 21st Universiade be held successfully.——虚拟语气(should)be held

修改2:Wish that 21st Universiade be hosted successfully.

May you succeed。祝你成功(倒装)

修改3:May 21st Universiade succeed.

中文:不要不三不四,否则给你点颜色瞧瞧。

错误:Don’t be no 3 no 4, otherwise I will give you some color see see.

5. 避免重复(词汇、句式多样化)

6. 选词要确切/贴切/有力

7. 使用连接结构表明逻辑关系

(1)表顺序:first, second, third, firstly, secondly, next, finally, etc.

(2)表附加说明的:another, also, besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, for instance, for example, such as, etc.

(3)表示转折关系的:however, but, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, although, in spite of, etc.

(4)表因果关系:therefore, because, since, thus, as a result consequently, accordingly, for the reason, etc.

(5)表概括总结的:on the whole, generally speaking, to sum up, in brief, finally, so, in short, etc.

8. 适当调整句子顺序(注意强调)

9. 万不得已、绕道而行(遇到非能力所及之处,换用其它相近说法表达)

词汇量不足的应急措施:试用笼统词、联想有关词汇、试用解释性语句。

10. 不能留空白、不能写汉语。

第二节 汉译英基本方法概述

1 翻译要求:

(1)结构*(2)句型*(3)搭配(4)词汇

搭配:动词与名词、动词与介词、动词与副词的搭配

举例:直接受害者: immediate victim, 不要用direct

      激烈的竞争: furious competition

      Call off 取消cancel; put off 推迟、延迟delay, postpone

注意:动词比动词短语正式,能用一个动词表达的绝对不用一个动词短语表达

注意词汇的搭配方式

词汇:不是高分的阻碍。得到高分,需要在结构和句型上下功夫。

词汇:基础词汇,专用词汇

基础词汇:动词形容词和副词为主,如:加强/提高 strengthen, enhance, reinforce, intensify 促进、推动等等

专用词汇:政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的常识性词汇,

政治方面的:对等的人或物 counterpart

霸权主义:hegemonism

强权政治:power politics

经济:经济危机:economic crisis

  财政赤字:financial deficit

科技:电子计算机:computer

  笔记本电脑:lap-top(or laptop);台式电脑desktop

沙尘暴:sand&dust storm(sand storm 不全面)

    P75附录:常用词汇 有上下文的情况下背单词,

翻译中段子里面的基础词汇、专用词汇都记下来,30-40个缎子后,95%词汇可以覆盖。

进步:(1)Practise makes progress.(2)Practise makes perfect.熟能生巧

在任何时候,任何地点,学习和积累,如商场购物中心:shopping center, mall(地道)

词汇和搭配是基础,得到高分要在句型和结构上面下功夫。

结构:

汉语结构:主、谓、宾、定、状、补

英语结构:五大句型

1:主谓,2:主谓宾;3:主谓宾,4:主谓宾补,5:主系表

英语句子:必须有主语、谓语

汉语句子必须成分:主语、谓语

所以确定主语做题,主语决定谓语。

例子:在2020年之前,中国的国民生产总值将超过美国。

主语:国民生产总值:GNP=Gross National Products

谓语:超过 exceed, surpass, outstep, overtake

基准时态:一般将来时(在将来的某个时段之前,使用将来完成时)

国内生产总值:GDP=gross domestic products

专有名词在文章中第一次出现,既要全称,也要缩写:简写(全称)

战区导弹防御系统 TMD=Theater Missile Defence

国家导弹防御系统 NMD=National Missile Defence

译文:China’s GNP(Gross National Product) will have exceeded that of the US by 2020.(2020年前可加the year of)

名词或名词短语第二次出现时即使用代词

例子:据预测、据估计,在2020年中国的国民生产总值将超过美国

据...――It is×that..........

It is said that… 据说,小道消息

It is estimated that........ 据估计,专业人士的估计

It is predicted that......... 据预测....

It is forecast that............ 预报....weather forecast

It is believed that....... 人们相信....

It is found that.... 人们发现....

It is supposed that... 人们推测....

It is pointed out that... 有人指出....

It is regarded that... 人们认为....

It is assumed that... 假设....

It is preferred that... 最好....

It must be admitted that... 必须承认....

It must be stressed that.... 无可否认....

It has been illustrated that... 已经列举说明....

前面是汉语的主语做英语的主语,还有其他成分可以做英语的主语,这样的英语可能更加地道。

确定主语做题,主语决定谓语(能得10分中的6分)

高分:闪光点(高级词汇,句型结构如把主语换一下)

2 高分技巧:所谓汉译英的语言转换方法和技巧,主要是把汉语和英语的语法结构拿来进行比较,从中找出一些常见的对应关系,然后我们所要做的就是简单的对号入座了。

1. 取原文的形容性成分做译文主语

第三节 单句翻译练习

Sample 1:懒惰的人不会成功

译文:1、A lazy person will never succeed.――基础译法(5-6分)

  2、Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.

      3、Laziness makes success impossible.

分析:

    (1):直译

(2)、形容词做主语成分,one泛指人,再次出现泛指人时,用代词he/she。直译+意译

(3)、意译:推荐第二种译法

体会:拿过一个句子,分析主谓宾、分析时态,在汉语句式下进行句式变换/相近句意变换、主谓宾等选词。容易漏掉状语

体会选择主语的方法:

Sample 2:中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家

译文:1、China’s per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.(5-6分)

  2、In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries.

      3、China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms of per capita agricultural land.(推荐)

人均:per capital

人均国民生产总值:per capita GNP/GNP per capita

农业土地面积:agricultural land 不可以用farm land(范围小,只表示种粮食菜地)

A与B比较:compare A with B

把A比作B:compare A to B

amount修饰不可数名词

a large/vast amount of 大量的

修饰可数名词的:

a large number of 大量的

various(高级词) 多得,大量的,既可以表示数量多,也可以表示种类多,修饰可数名词

unfavorably表示劣势

favorably表示优势

in terms of 在哪一方面。

Sample 3:我的头疼得要命。(与真题差异比较大,没讲)

译文:(1)My head aches badly.

      (2)My head is killing me.

      (3)I have a terrible headache.

      (4)I have a splitting headache.

      (5)I have a migraine.

Sample 4:这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。

译文:1、The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.

2、The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.

Sample 5: 在评价关于早期中国文明的记载时,有很重要得一点必须记住:公元前三世纪以前的书籍极少流传下来。

译文:1、In assessing the records of early Chinese civilization, we have to remember one important point: few books earlier that the third century BC are extant.  (We指代模糊,remember记住,语气不够强烈)

  2、One important point must be kept in mind in assessing the documentation of early Chinese civilization: few books before the third century BC have survived.

取原文名词性成分做主语,最好做的就是变为被动句。英语中被动句居多,地道。

公元前三世纪:the third century BC

评价、评估:evaluate、assess、In assessing....

keep sth. in mind记住;bear sth. in mind 记住

extant   adj.现存的

survive v.幸存、幸免于

document 文件,存档->documentation 记载、记录

重要的  important 太普通

essential   重要的

significant 重要的、重大的、有意义的

vital 重要的、有活力的、有生命力的

crucial 极其重要的

Sample 6: 一星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。

译文:1、I had the most incredible experience a week ago.

  2、I had the most inconceivable encounter a week ago.

      3、The most unbelievable thing(这个词不好) happened to me a week ago.(推荐)

应试意义不大,但给我们一种思路。

incredible难以置信的、不可思议的=inconceivable、unbelievable

encounter n未所预料的事情,v.偶然遇到、遭遇到

happen to sb. 发生在某人身上.

回顾:得到高分的途径,根本问题是选择主语的问题。

1)以原文汉语句子的主语作为英语句子的主语,不要出现大的语法错误,这样的只能得到基础分,要出现闪光点、高级词汇、句型结构;

2)选择可能的主语(形容词,动词,副词结构)作为英语句子的主语。

积累句型结构:注意汉语与英语对应关系

Sample 7:一个企业的前途很大程度上要看管理人员的素质,特别是他的市场管理人员的素质

译文:1、The future success of an enterprise depends heavily upon the quality of its managing executives, especially those with marketing responsibilities.

  2、The quality of the management, especially of the marketing executives, largely determines the future of an enterprise.(推荐)

      3、The quality of managing executives, especially those with marketing responsibilities, goes a long way in determining the future of an enterprise.

主语:一个企业的前途(取决于、要看)the future success of an enterprise(没有success也可,但加上更好)

谓语:要看、取决于、依赖于:depend on/rely on/(upon)

很大程度上heavily.

素质:quality

管理人员:managing executive

第二种译法:取原文句子中间的名词性成分来作译文中的主语。这个名词性成分往往是原文汉语句子的宾语

很大程度上:heavily(忘掉), go a long way(在很大程度上,发挥了很大作用), largely, to the large extent(可以作为插入语)

决定:determine, decide

前途、前景:future,  prospect

3)取原文副词性成分做译文的主语

Sample 8: 因为天气太糟,我们未能成行

译文:1、Because of poor weather, we did not go.

  2、Bad weather prevented us from going.(取原文汉语句子中间的副词成分做译文主语)

      3、The bad weather caused us to cancel/postpone our trip.(推荐)

因为: because+从句。/because of+名词、名词短语

due to, owing to(前两个=because of),

thanks to(=because of好的结果)”幸亏”

Because of poor weather = because it was poor/bad/terrible, we did not go

3表因果关系,表示导致、引起 cause sb. to do sth. 、lead sb. to do sth.

Sample 9: 在持续了一年的内战中,数千人丧生。

译文:1、Thousands of people have died/ have been killed in the civil war which has been lasting for one year.

  2、The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed(夺去) thousands of lives.(建议)

      3、The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.

确定时态:现在完成时

主语:数千人,Thousands of people

谓语:丧生:have died 、have been killed

修饰语:定语修饰语,放置位置:

在英语中,短语以上的内容包括短语修饰名词或名词结构时,永远放在被修饰语的后面。

短语以上的内容―――放在后面(形容词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、定语从句)

短语以下的内容―――放在前面(形容词、现在分词、过去分词、冠词、数词)

修饰一个中心名词的修饰语如何排列:

如:我们要建立一个公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序

建立:establish

译文:to establish a new international political and economic order which is rational.

表示本质性的东西放前面、特点或描述性的放在后面——定语从句;

而对于在前面的本质性的:越本质的东西越接近于名词

语法部分中有详细的解释。

状语:在持续了一年的内战中in the civil war which has been lasting for one year.

      也可以用现在分词短语lasting for one year

第二种译法:取状语做主语,持续了一年的内战已经夺去了数千人的生命

第三种:死亡人数 专用名词the death toll

        达到:amounted to/reached …..

Sample 10: 通过进一步的研究,科学家们推测存在着一种迄今尚未为人所知的粒子

译文:1、through further research/studies scientists conjectured that there was a hitherto unknown particle.

  2、Further research led the scientists to conjecture about the existence of a previously unknown particle.(推荐)

      3、Further research by scientists pointed to the possible existence of a previously unknown particle.(了解)

通过:through ,进一步得研究:further research/studies

通过调查,可以说:after further investigation这里不能用,可用于联邦调查局的调查

基准时态:一般过去时

一个动词的宾语部分、可有两种处理方式:1):名词或名词短语,2):从句变为宾语从句

又种译法:一个动词的宾语部分处理为名词或名词短语。

他猜测了某种粒子的存在:conjecture existence of a hitherto unknown particle

猜测、推测:conjecture、guess、predict、assume、speculate、

迄今(无人所知):so far, hitherto, up to now,

在此之前:previously, formerly

第二种译法:研究使得科学家推测存在着一种粒子

Sample 11: 在刚刚结束的中国八运会上,辽宁女子田径队有出色表现

译文:1、.The Liaoning women’s track and field team put on an excellent performance at China’s just-completed Eighth National Games.

  2、China’s just-completed Eighth National Games saw the outstanding performance by the women’s track and field team from Liaoning.

      3、没说

田径队:track and field team

出色表现:put on an excellent/outstanding performance

刚刚结束:just-completed

运动会专业词汇:

Olympic Games: 奥运会

Winter Olympic Games:冬奥会

National Games:全国运动会

Oriental Games: 亚运会

New Beijing, Great Olympics:新北京新奥运

译法2:在某地发生了某事

原则:如果汉语句型表示在某时或某地发生某事,译法:取时间或地点做译文句子的主语,谓语用witness(目击、见证), see, find这几个动词。宾语是发生的某件事情。地道

英语倾向于用没有生命力的东西做主语。表示一种客观的意思。There be, It is

如:中国在过去的二十年中间发生了巨大的变化

译:The last/past two decades have witnessed enormous(避免great很虚的词) changes in China.

天翻地覆的:earth shaking

如:中国在过去的二十年中经济持续快速增长

译:The last two decades have witnessed sustained and rapid economic growth in China.

Sample 12: 只有在显微镜下才能看到红血球

译文:1、Only under the microscope can we see red cells.

  2、Red cells can be seen only under the microscope.

      3、A microscope is needed to see red cells.

4:取原文动词性成分做译文的主语

Sample 13: 他们昨天的表演非常成功。

译文:1、They performed very successfully yesterday.

      2、Their performance yesterday was very successful.

Sample14 : 我从来没有那么想过

译文:1、I have never thought like that.

  2、This idea has never crossed my mind.

      3、没说

某人突然想到某事:It strikes me that.............、It occurs to me that.........

Sample 15:没说

译文:1、.   2、      3、

无主句三种译法:It is adj./there be/被动句

It is high time that/to do sth.

强调:emphasize、place/attach importance to sth.、

高级政府官员:high-ranking officials.

贪污腐败:corruption and embezzlement/graft

严重性:the seriousness、gravity

Sample 16: 这本书着重讲成语、动词和谚语的用法。

译文:1、This book centers on the use of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms.

  2、The focus of this book is on the usage of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms.

着重:centers on、emphasize、focus on、

Sample 17: 航空公司在最后一刻取消航班,旅行团被迫取消了行程。

译文:1、.The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, therefore/so/thus/hence the travel group had no choice but to change its itinerary。(使用连接词)

2、.The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, therefore/so/thus/hence the travel group had to change/be compelled/had no choice to change its itinerary/plan/schedule。(使用连接词)注:be forced to do sth有暴力武力的意思,这里不适用

     3、The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, which compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.(使用了定语从句)

     4、The last-minute cancellation of the flight by the airline compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.(就用主谓宾结果,只不过主语和宾语比较复杂)

分析汉语句子:一个逗号连接了两个完整的句子

原则:当原文汉语句子有逗号连接两个或两个以上的句子时,考虑逻辑,考虑使用连接词或连接结构。

逻辑关系:因果:

表示原因:后跟短语:due to,owing to, thanks to,引导从句because...., since

表示结果:so, therefore, thus, hence,as a result....

航空公司: airline;

最后一刻:at the last minute /at the last moment

取消:cancel

航班:flight

行程:itinerary比较好,plan/schedule凑合

Sample 18: 汉代葬墓中描绘戏剧表演的浅浮雕证明那时有剧院。

译文:1、.Bas-relief carvings depicting dramatic performance discovered in the Han tombs proved that the theatre existed at that time.

  2、

      3、The existence of the theatre at that time was evidenced by bas-relief carvings depicting dramatic performance discovered in the Han tombs.

  4、Proof of the existence of drama in the period can be found in bas-relief depictions of play-acting discovered in the Han tombs. (found最好用identify(辩明,辨别)替换)

如何做:A证明B

译法1:A proved B

译法2:被动:B 被A证明:B is evidenced by/in A  prove更多的用于主动

译法3:Proof of B can be found in A(推荐)

体会修饰语的处理

Sample 19: 没有生活目标意味着无法利用生活提供的各种各样的选择

译文:1、.Not having an aim in life means not being able to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.(定语从句,has to是作者的一个理解发挥,也可以用offers代替)

  2、The lack of an aim in life makes it impossible for one to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.

      3、4、5没说

目标:aim, goal, objective, target(具体的靶子)

使用,利用:benefit from,use,employ(雇佣——利用),utilize,exploit(剥削——利用)

选择:choice,selection(主观的选择,不好),option

很多,各种各样的:various, a variety of

提供:supply,offer

没有:lack

5:添加主语,使用的不是很多

Sample 23: 轻工作不见得比原来的工作要强。

译文:1、2、3、

不见得,不一定:句型结构:There is no guarantee that.......

更好的说法:commit a mistake

commit suicide 自杀

commit crimes 犯罪

第四节 短文汉译英

Sample 1:(和考试题型有差距) 即使在中国最盛行的时候,他的影响仍然不能与儒教相提并论。多数中国人依然关心世事注重人情,而这些在佛教看来都是虚幻的。而中国人有种奇异的本领,能够同时信两个互相抵触的信仰

译文:

A、第一句:.

(2)、Even in its heyday(=apogee, peak) in China,Buddhism could not possibly equal the impact of Confucianism.

B、第二句:

         (1) Most Chinese remained concerned with the affairs of the world, especially human relationship, which Buddhists considered as illusion.

        (2)Most Chinese still paid attention to mundane affairs and attached special importance to human relations, which were considered illusive in Buddhism.

C、第三句:

(1):However/nevertheless, the Chinese had the peculiar ability to believe in two conflicting religions at the same time.

(2):The Chinese, however, had a strange ability to endorse two opposing creeds at the same time.

D、第四句:

分析

分析逻辑结构:共4句话

1、2逻辑关系:进一步阐述

2、3逻辑关系:转折-”不过”

3、4逻辑关系:因果-”所以”

分析逻辑关系目的是考虑翻译中使用连接词和连接结构的必要性

在哪些情况下,必须使用连接词或连接结构:

1):原文出现关联词

2):没有出现关联词,但有非常明显的逻辑关系

第一句分析:

heyday:盛行期;apogee:盛行;peak:颠峰

即使:even

相提并论:equal等同

基础词汇:Buddhism佛教,Confucianism:儒教,Confucius:孔子

第二句分析:

注意代词:这些――指代世事和人情

原则:当原文中出现代词时,考虑使用定语从句

依然: still, remained

关心:concern with, pay attention to

世事:人世间的事情,世俗的东西。第一种译法不大好,容易认为是时事,第二种译法好:mundane affairs

国际时事:international affairs

注重人情:attach special importance to human relations

虚幻:illusion, illusive in

第三句话:

这句比较关键,要用连接词或连接结构

表示转折:nevertheless

不同寻常的、奇特的:peculiar, unusual, extraordinary

互相抵触的:conflicting, opposing

第四句:

首先考虑连接词或连接短语

所以:therefore, thus, hence

不足为怪/奇:It comes as no surprise that........、It is not surprising that.....

著名的:famous、renowned、

Sample 2: 一个王朝的覆灭总是因为它的全面衰败而不是一个单一的事件。然而历代学者和史学家们常常挑出某些特定的事件认为他们是导致朝代灭亡的主要原因。有时甚至声称假若不是因为某事改换朝代就不会发生。因此有很多清朝的学者把明朝的灭亡归因于崇祯皇帝赐死了他最能干的大臣-袁崇焕。

译文:

A、第一句

(1):The downfall of an imperial dynasty always resulted from its overall decline instead of/rather than being caused by a single incident.

(2):The downfall of an imperial dynasty always came as a result of its overall decline rather than any single incident.

B、第二句

(1):Nevertheless, scholars and historical commentators in each dynasty often singled out a few occurrences which they considered(believed, held, reckoned) to be chiefly responsible for the collapse of the old regime.

C、第三句

(1)

    (2)Sometimes they even claimed that the dynastic change would not have taken place except for a certain incident.

D、第四句

(1):Thus, quite a few/various Qing scholars attributed the fall of the Ming dynasty to Emperor Chongzhen’s execution of his ablest general, Yuan Chonghuan.

分析

分析逻辑关系:

1、2:转折->2、3:递进->3、4:因果

第一句:

是A而不是B:A instead of B、A rather than B、not...but(not B but A)、

第一句的结构:讲述原因:A的原因是B,这里我们讨论一个事件是另外一个事件的原因,就是具体的短语,涉及动词的用法来表示因果关系

假设A是原音B是结果:A是B的原音:

   A造成了B:lead to、result in、

   B源自于A:result from、stand from、generate from、originate、

王朝:dynasty

覆灭:downfall、collapse、demise

第二句:

转折:nevertheless

首先分析这句话中的规律,出现了代词,考虑使用定语从句

他们:是那些特定的历史事件

历史学家:historian

挑选:single out /select

occur: (v.)出现 occurrence:(n).事件、一个具体的事件

thing是非常虚的词,不能表示一个具体的事件

event:n.具体的事件

认为:consider、believe、hold、reckon

be responsible for :对....负责

第三句:

出现了假设,很有可能使用虚拟语气,在这里要求使用虚拟语气,跟过去的事实相反,但这件事又发生了。

声称:claim,announce

except for+短语 除了,如果不是,已经表示了一个假设的关系

take place、happen 决定不能使用被动语态

第四句:

表示因果:thus

很多:many、quite a few、various

把...归因为:attribute (结果) to (原因);owe (结果) to (原因)

Sample 3:九月十日是教师节,教师在人们心目中是什么样子呢?清华附中的小记者们走出校门采访了街道上路过的76个行人。在采访中发现83%的人认为老师肩负着培养下一代的重任,他们是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素,他们是值得尊敬的。

译文:译文1、低分

  译文2、What is the teacher’s image(in people’s mind)? On Teacher’s Day, Sept. 10, a group of teenage reporters from the secondary school of Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventy-six passerby. Eighty three percent of those surveyed said that teachers should be held in high esteem because they are committed to the shaping of the younger generation, an undertaking crucial to achieving a higher lever of education in China.

      译文3、What is the teacher’s image(in people’s mind)? On Teacher’s Day, Sept. 10, a group of teenage reporters from the secondary school of Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventy-six passerby. It was reviewed in the poll that Eighty three percent of those surveyed said that teachers should be respected because the teachers shouldered the task of educating the next/younger generation and they are the decisive factor of improving the whole people’s education level.(推荐)

分析

尤其要注意比较译文一和译文二有什么样的区别。译文1:低分,出现了不应该出现的大错。

第一句:

中心意思是什么:教师在人们心目中是什么形象。

英语中:每一段第一句话应该是主题句。英语是一种形和性的语言。形式上的东西在结构上就是总分总的大结构。体现在段落中间第一句就应该是topic sentence,最后一句是总结的话。

所以既然第一句话是topic sentence,你要把它翻译过来,第一句话必须出现这段话的主题,这段话的主题在汉语短文中被放在了第二句话的位置上――” 教师在人们心目中是什么样子呢”。

在人们的心目中:in people’s mind.、in people’s eyes

“九月十日是教师节”处理为状语

描述人的词汇:

中学生:teenager13~19

婴儿:infant、baby

儿童:children、kids、teenager

年轻人:the young、the youth(年轻的一代)、the young generation、youngster、

中年人:middle-aged people

老年人:aged people、senior people

采访:interview、上下文理解,这里的采访可以理解为民意测验:poll

过路人:passersby

在采访/民意测验中发现:It was reviewed in the poll that.......,扩充:研究research中发现、调查investigation中发现

原文:在采访中发现83%的人认为老师肩负着培养下一代的重任,他们是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素,他们是值得尊敬的。

分析:认为的后面三句话是核心内容:老师值得尊敬、因为他们肩负着培养下一代的重任,因为他们是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素。

译文:It was reviewed in the poll that Eighty three percent of those surveyed said that teachers should be respected because the teachers shouldered the task of educating the next/younger generation and they are the decisive factor of improving the whole people’s education level.

尊敬:respect、hold in high esteem

Sample 4: 1953年,英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹,并准备用核武器进攻中国大陆。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时新中国的领导人深感忧虑,同时立即做出决定建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业。

译文 1、.In 1953, America and England(错误)/the United States and Britain planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and China mainland/to attack China with nuclear weapons(可以省略). When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country, the leaders of new China felt deeply worried/concerned and immediately decided that China must have its own atomic bomb and missile cause./made a decision/decided to set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause.

修改后的译文1、In 1953, the United States and Britain planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and China mainland. When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country, the leaders of new China felt deeply worried/concerned and immediately decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.(推荐)

译文 2、In 1953, when they learned from diplomatic sources of a third country that the United States and Britain were prepared to attack China mainland and the Chinese troops in Korea with nuclear weapons, the leaders of new China, deeply concerned, decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.

分析

首先我们按照常规做法,按照原文汉语句子的顺序翻译下来,争取在翻译中出现闪光点,但也要注意,虽然句子结构不作变化,但其中的一些细节问题也要注意,比如说宾语有可能要做出变化,否则很有可能是中式英语。

转告:transfer

忧虑:worried、concerned

事业:cause;社会主义事业:socialist cause

作出决定:make a decision、decide、

译文:建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业

分析:一定要进行适当的变化复合英语习惯,变换为:拥有自己的核武器

不变化则是典型的中式英语表达:set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause

变化后:immediately decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.

译法2:通过非常严谨的逻辑分析做出了这样一个译文。原文第二句开头有一个“这个消息”他和前面部分是重复的,一旦重复则使用定语从句或合并句子。接下来分析整个句子的中心思想,中心思想是:”中国领导人决定要拥有自己的核武器”,前面所有的东西都是他的铺垫,那么: 中国领导人在什么样的情况下决定要拥有自己的核武器?在他们得到了一个消息的情况下,得到了一个什么样的消息呢?消息有....?从那里得到的呢?从第三国外交官那里。所以前面所有的关系都可以作为一个修饰语存在。

Sample5.一句话,在某时or某地发生了某事

P67模拟题(一共十道)P65提高练习(前十个句子)

第五节 真题讲解

1994年真题

Part 2 translation(15 minutes, 10points)

原文:在我们这个时代,任何想要在社会上起到所希望起的作用,必须接受必要的教育。随着科学的进步,在中小学开设越来越多的课程。与过去的教育相比,现代教育更注重实用性。

译文:

A、第一句:

(1):In our times, if anyone wants to play the role as he or she wishes in a society, he or she must receive necessary education.

(2):In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education.(处理为定语从句)

B、第二句

(1) With the development of science, more and more(高级an increasing number of) courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools.

(2) Along with the progress of science, come an increasing number of courses in primary schools and middle schools.

C、第三句

(1)Compared with the old education, modern education places its stress on practicality.

(2)

分析:

短文翻译

第一步,注意分析句内、句间的逻辑关系。

这里通过分析三句话没有清晰的逻辑关系,而必须使用连接词的两种情况:短文中出现关联词或者出现了非常明显的逻辑关系。

第一句:

可以认为是一个条件句:如果.........那么..............,这种逻辑关系是通过自己的分析得到的,完全可以。

In our times在我们这个时代

anyone/anybody 任何人

play a role 起作用——play the role 特指

想要/计划做某事:want、plan to do sth.、aim to do sth.、intend to do sth.

第二句:

句型:随着...出现了..: along with A, comes B这是一个倒装句,正常语序B comes along with A

时态:假定为一般现在时

词汇:出现 appear 出现 occur:出现,发生 arise:出现,发生

随着工业的发展,出现了污染问题。(一般过去时,或现在完成时)

Along with the development of industry, came(has come) the problem of environmental pollution.

引出话题:随着科技的发展,出现了互联网

Along with the development of science and technology,has come the Internet.

Along with scientific and technological development,has come the Internet.

基础做法:With the development of science, more and more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools.

进步:progress、进步:advancement

“开设”不会说,现在汉语中找相近的词——”提供”(offer, provide, supply)

高级词汇:动词、形容词、副词更容易使用高级词汇。

越来越多:more and more(口语化)、

an increasing number of....数量上越来越多

a growing number of  越来越多

越来越:increasing

如物价越来越高:The prices become increasingly high.

原译文可改为:an increasing number of courses are offered…

结构上的变化:

随着...出现了....:

译文:Along with the progress of science, come an increasing number of courses in primary schools and middle schools.

第三句:

句式:与.......相比,处理为过去分词做伴随状语compared with sth.

重视:emphasize、focus重视,注视、put emphasis on sth./play emphasis on重视

  attach emphasis to sth.重视.

practicality:实用性->相近的practice:实践,实行

总结:

in our times 在我们这个时代

play a role 起作用

as sb wishes 正如某人所想

along with A comes B:随着A出现了B

an increasing number of 越来越多

increasingly high 越来越高

compare with sth:与...相比

practicality:实用性

1995年真题——part 2 translation(15 minutes, 10 points)

原文:当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济、提高人民生活水平。为了实现这个目标,我们必须改革旧的经济体制,以便进一步解放生产力,我们应该向世界敞开大门,以便学习其他国家先进的科学和技术。只要我们坚持改革、开放政策,就一定能把我国建设成强大的社会主义国家。

A第一句:

(1):At present the most important task is to develop national economy, and to improve people’s/the living standards.

B第二句:

(1):In order to realize this aim, we must reform the old economic system, so as to further free the productivity. Meanwhile we should open our door to the (outside) world so that we can learn other countries’ advanced science and technology.

(2): In order to realize this goal, we must reform the old economic system so as to further free the productivity. Meanwhile we should open our door to the outside world in order to learn the advanced science and technology from other countries.

C第三句:

(1):So long as we adhere to the reform and open policy, we will be able to build our country into a strong socialist country.

分析:

逻辑关系:三句话,第二句话很长,第二句话内部分析,发现它是两层并列的意思。

并列句:涉及到的连接词:and 、meanwhile/in the meantime同时

第一句:

结构:任务是......

当前:at present、presently

国民经济:national economy

重要的:important、vital、essential、crucial、significant。

最重要的任务:the task of priority

发展:develop

提高:improve提高

enhance提高;加强;促进,应用范围很广

increase 提高、增加

raise提高,升起

人民的生活水平(固定用法):people’s living standards,考试中用,给老外看时候去掉people’s。

第二句:

两层意思,连接结构并列句:涉及到的连接词:and 、meanwhile(adv)/in the meantime(adv)

表示目的:为了...以便(为了同意)..

in order to 为了  

以便,表目的:so as to

so that既可以表示目的也可以表结果

realize the aim/goal实现目标

fulfil/fulfill the objective 实现目标

改革:reform

经济体制:economic system

进一步:further adv.

解放:free

生产力:productivity

outside:外面的

向某人学习:learn from sb.

向某人学习某事:learn sth. from sb

第三句:

关联词:只要....就......:

只要:so long as, as long as

坚持某种观点并有固执的含义在里面:insist这里不能用

坚持.....政策:adhere

改革、开放政策:the reform and open policy/the reform and opening up policy

一定:must用在这里是错误的。这里表示一种推测,用一般将来时。be able to

总结:

当前:at present/presently

最重要的任务:the task of priority

国民经济:national economy

提高:enhance

人民的生活水平:people’s living standards

为了:so as to、so that、in order to

实现目标:fulfill the objective

经济体制:economic system

解放生产力:free the productivity

向世界敞开大门:open our door to the outside world

向某人学习某事:learn sth. from sb.

坚持改革、开放政策:adhere to the reform and open policy

注意:记住高级的也要记住低级的词汇.

1996年的真题(20分钟10分)

原文:在过去的几十年里,可能没有任何其他话题比领导艺术更受到管理研究者的关注。在管理人员的培训和开发方面,领导艺术也是热门话题之一。这表明专业管理人员对探索卓有成效的领导艺术的奥秘感兴趣。

译文:

A第一句:

(1):Over the past few decades, perhaps no topic has drawn more attention from management researchers than the art of leadership.

(2):用见证句型

B第二句:

(1):The art of leadership is one of the hottest topics in management training and development, which indicate that the management are/is interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.(讲课的答案)

(2):It is also one of the hottest topics in the management training and development, which shows that the professional management are interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.(参考答案)

C第三句:

分析:

第一句

句型:时间或者地点做主语,谓语用witness[见证句型]

第二句

主句:领导艺术是热门话题之一

领导艺术:the art of leadership,或者只用leadership  -ship表示抽象的事物

热门话题:hot topic、popular topic;hot少用,有不好的意思。说热可以用warm

在...方面:方面一般是不翻译出来的

在...领域,领域要翻译出来的:in the field of ....

研发(研究和开发):research and development

第三句

注意:句子中出现代词,考虑使用定语从句。先行词可以是一句话。

indicate 表明;suggest表示,表明;review 表明、揭示;

discover 探索;explore 探索

effective 卓有成效的

基础做法:第二句话结束。第三句话:遇到“这”指一件事,this就加fact

This fact indicates that professional management are interested in discovering the secrets to effective leadership.

总结:

leadership领导艺术

popular/hot topics 热门话题

indicate表明,review表明 揭示;suggest表明表示

effective 卓有成效

secret ,key 奥秘

discover 探索; explore 探索

1997年真题(20minutes, 10 points)

原文:亚裔美国人对美国做出了杰出的贡献,这些贡献包括诸如自然科学、医学、法律、文艺、艺术等各个领域。由于亚裔移民的祖籍国家具有丰富多样的传统,他们大大促进了美国文化的发展,提高了全美人民的生活水平。

译文:

A第一句:

(1):Asian Americans have made outstanding contributions to the United States, which include(或用including) such fields as natural science, medicine, law, literature, art etc.(课程答案)

(2) Americans of Asian descent have made outstanding contributions to the United States. These contributions cover various fields such as natural science, medicine, law, literature, art etc.(参考答案)

B第二句:

(1):Since the native countries of Asian Americans have rich and colorful traditions, they have greatly promoted the development of American culture, and improved the living standards of the whole American people.(课上讲的)

(2):Due to the rich and colorful traditions in the native countries of Asian Americans,

(3):As the native countries of Asian immigrants have rich and colorful traditions, they have greatly promoted the American culture, and improved the living standards of the whole America. (参考答案)

分析:

第一句:

主语:亚裔美国人

亚裔美国人:Americans of Asian descent、Asian Americans

华裔美国人:Chinese Americans

出生在美国的华人:ABC=American born Chinese

谓语:对...做贡献:固定搭配:make contributions to

杰出的:outstanding

phenomenal 杰出的; exceptional 例外的

包括:include;可用which include(不用加s,因为contributions是复数) or including

诸如:such as....

诸如....各个领域:such fields as

自然科学:natural science

社会科学:social science

包括:include、cover 包括; involve 包括,涉及到

第二句:

关联词:表示因果关系

原因状语:由于+从句;because, since

祖籍国家:native country

具有:have

丰富多样的: rich and colorful

传统:tradition

还可以用短语表达原因: because of sth,due to sth.,owing to sth.,thanks to sth.

促进:enhance、promote、boost、contribute to贡献 促进

大大的:greatly(比较虚)、largely、enormously

提高:improve

时态:表示持续性过程,建议使用现在完成时

总结:

做贡献:make contributions to

杰出的:outstanding,phenomenal 杰出的; exceptional 例外的

包括:include、cover、involve

诸如:such as

自然科学:natural science

等等,.....等:etc.、and so on

祖籍国家:native country

丰富多彩:rich and colorful

传统:tradition

大大的:greatly、largely、enormously

促进:promote、enhance、boost、contribute to

[作文]降低思想水平,适应自身的语言水平。使用简单的语言表达简单的思想。写作文注意写作格式。

1998年真题(20minutes,10points)

原文:环境科学家说,如果要使地球继续供养人类生存,保护野生生物是极为重要的。这些专家说我们必须明白在我们的这个环境供养系统中,我们自己与野生动植物之间的重要联系。他们指出,没有人有把握知道这些动植物中的哪一种将来可能对我们有用。

译文:

A第一句:

(1):The environmental scientists stated that if the human being wanted the earth to continue to support them (their survival), it is especially(extremely等) important to protect the wild life.

B第二句:

(1):These experts added that we must understand the important relations between ourselves and wild animals and plants in our environmental supporting system.

C第三句

(1):They reviewed that nobody knows for sure which kind of animal(s) or plant(s) will(最好不用would, 因为要与knows对应) be useful for us in the future.

分析:

避免重复:环境科学家们说................这些专家说................他们指出............

逻辑关系:环境科学家们说..................这些专家说..............他们指出................

时态问题:间接引语中间的时态问题

环境科学家,环保主义者:environmentalist

环境科学家:environmental scientist

“说”的替代词(这里说有认为的意思):say 说、state 陈述、suggest 提出、claim 宣称、assert 断言(这几个词语气逐渐强烈)

从句:条件句,无主句;这里的无主句处理有些特殊,最好加一个主语-人类。(we比较模糊, 最好不用)

时态:间接引语:时态一般过去时。

人类:the human being

使某人做某事:want sb. to do sth.

间接引语的主句结构:干什么事情是非常重要的,使用一般现在时,因为是真理性的东西

野生生物:wild life最好的说法

第二句:

这些专家说->他们接着说

这些专家:they,these experts

接着说:go on to claim(suggest,say)....

These experts went on to claim(suggest, say) that...........

These experts added that..........

句子主干:我们明白联系,修饰语长,所有放在后面。

we must understand the important relations between ourselves and wild animals and plants in our environmental supporting system.

relationship:较抽象名词,指界定非常清晰的关系,比如:中美关系

strategic competitor 战略竞争者

面向二十一世纪建设性战略伙伴

constructive strategic partnership oriented towards the 21st century.

环境供氧系统:environmental supporting system(没有见过的专有名刺可以一个词一个词的翻译。)

明白、理解understand, comprehend

第三句:

point out指出、indicate 指出、review 指出

nobody, no one 没有人

know for sure 有把握的知道

时态:一般将来时。为什么不用过去将来时呢?因为是真理性的东西

useful有用的,helpful 有用,有用的,beneficial 有利的

总结:

三个说如何处理、前后的逻辑关系,时态问题

say 说、state 陈述、suggest 提出、claim 宣称、assert 断言

support 供养

survival n.生存

wild life 野生生物

understand、comprehend 明白

environmental supporting system 环境供养系统

point out 指出、indicate 指出、review 指出

know for sure 有把握地知道

useful、helpful、beneficial 有用,有用地

1999年真题:(20m,10points)

原文:别人抽烟,你吸入,确实会对你的肺有危害。据美国肺协会估计,每年约有3000名死于肺癌的人是被动吸烟者。有一项调查发现,不吸烟的妇女,如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间,那么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。

译文:

A第一句:

(1):It surely does harm to your lungs if other people smoke and you breathe it in.

   (2):Other people smoke and you breathe it in. It surely does harm to your lungs. (同样很分散,不好)

B第二句:

(1):According to the estimation by American Lung Association, each year about 3,000 people who die from lung cancer are passive smokers.

C第三句:

(1):A survey reviewed that if non-smoking women live in a smoking family environment for 40 years or (still) longer, they will have double risk to develop lung cancer.

(2):An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have double risk of developing lung cancer.(参考答案)

分析

短文特点:短句很多,比较零散

固定用法:据估计;调查发现

第一句:

原文:别人抽烟,你吸入,确实会对你的肺有危害

分析:表面上三个句子,实际上一个意思,可以把“别人抽烟,你吸入”看成主语

原则:当原文主语较长或是句子时,译文考虑用it做主语

it 指代” 别人抽烟,你吸入”

be harmful to 对....有害

do harm to 对....有害

surely 确实的

lung 肺,注意用复数,因为肺叶有两片

” 别人抽烟,你吸入”假设,可以处理为如果.... : if other people smoke and you breathe it in.

breathe it in :it指代烟,在上下文指代清晰的情况下,可以这么用

第二句:

固定用法:据估计、调查发现    

according to+名词/名词短语:根据

estimate 估计;estimation n.估计

动词于名词之间有被动关系,使用介词by

American Lung Association 美国肺协(专有名词题目中没有给出,按照字面意思顺序翻译)

第三句:原文:“有一项调查发现”

避免结构重复,如果上句用了it is… 被动结构,这句不要用了

A survey reviewed that....

原文:不吸烟的妇女,如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间,那么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。

分析:条件句,”不吸烟的妇女”放到如果的后面。

non-smoking women 不吸烟的妇女

still表强调

living 现在分词做伴随状语

double risk 加倍...........的危险

develop 患(疾)、指大病;小病用have/get

总结:

be harmful to sth./do harm to sth. 对...有害

surely 确定的

it is estimated by sth./sb ..........据估计

according to 根据

lung cancer 肺癌

passive smokers 被动吸烟者

survey 调查

double risk 加倍的危险

develop cancer 得癌症

have、get 患小病

 

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